tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35947225325406836462024-03-05T01:57:13.226-03:00Hunting White Elephants / Caçando Elefantes BrancosCritical reflections on Brazil 2014 and Rio 2016Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.comBlogger320125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-15862926171325673562017-12-11T19:08:00.002-02:002017-12-11T19:08:43.183-02:00Reimagining Democracies and Sport – for whom does the pendulum swing?<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Keynote Address<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB">International Society for the Sociology of Sport International
Conference<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Taoyuan City, Taiwan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Christopher Gaffney<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Reimagining Democracies
and Sport – for whom does the pendulum swing?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">I would like to extend my thanks to the
members of the organising committee of the International Sports Sociology
Association for extending the invitation to give this keynote address, a big
xie xie to our hosts at the National Taiwan Sports University, and my greetings
to colleagues old and new. This promises to be an exciting week of debate and
discussion and it is a privilege to be able to be able to offer these opening
remarks. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Before latching onto the wildly gyrating
pendulum of global sport, I want to offer a personal reflection on the ways in
which democracy and sport shift and change over time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">When I first set foot in this city in March
of 1996, big sabres rattled across the Taiwan Strait. The Taiwanese were
holding their first vote for president and the People´s Republic of China was
not pleased. As tens of thousands of enthusiastic Taiwanese marched up and down
and around the city, the People’s Liberation Army lobbed a few missiles in the
direction of my new home, prompting Chairman Clinton to send two aircraft
carrier battle groups down from their hijacked nest in Okinawa. Undeterred by
mainland aggression, the Taiwanese voted to keep the Kumongtang in power, reasserting
through the ballot box their increasingly dubious claim to be the
representative government of all China. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Being in Taipei during the 1996 elections was
personally instructive in a number of ways. In being faced with the prospect of
war over the right to vote, I was introduced to politics in ways that had never
been apparent to me in the United States. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The streets of Taipei were alive with tens of
thousands of marchers, full of colour and vibrancy that made a deep impression
on my political consciousness. The presence of the Okinawan fleet was a keen
reminder of the geopolitical importance of small islands caught in the teeth of
continental superpowers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Then as now, the rift between the two Chinas
is particularly visible through the lens of international sport. The Taiwanese
have not competed under their national flag since the 1970s and are the most
populous country in the world not have formal representation at the United
Nations. If we consider the first question posed by the conference organisers, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Who are or should be considered members of
the sport society?</i>, the answer for 23 million Taiwanese is more complicated
than for 24 million Australians. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">In the intervening twenty years, much has
changed economically and politically for both the ROC and the PRC, but their
relative positions in the global sports arena have not shifted significantly. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">You may be wondering why I was in Taiwan,
dodging ballistic missiles and watching democratic experiments. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">I spent much of my youth near the
floodlights of Arlington Stadium, a 60s era baseball ground in suburban Dallas.
In the early 1990s, cities in the USA began to offer staggering sums for
professional teams to knock down old facilities as the anti-trust exemptions
given to the USA’s major sports leagues allows teams to pick up sticks at the
slightest hint of not extracting monopoly rents. In one of my first experiences
of the complicated relationships between democracy and sport, a local ballot
measure gave more than 130 million dollars and tax exemptions to an ownership
group headed by a single-lettered son of a former director of the CIA. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Dubya entered into the majority ownership of
the Texas Rangers, a mascot that refers to a state-sponsored <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terrorist organization charged with
exterminating the indigenous population in a 19<sup>th</sup> century settler
colony, with a loan from the Bin Laden family, and with his rehabilitated
public profile, leveraged his position as owner of the Rangers to became the
governor of Texas in 1994. Sickened by these developments (which have since
deteriorated – the city just agreed to pay 1.6 billion to finance a newer baseball
stadium and paid more than 600 million for the Dallas Cowboys stadium a decade
ago), I left the US for Central America, eventually landing in Taiwan in a bout
of youthful wanderlust, attracted by a job to teach in an English cram school. It
was still the early days of the internet and there was not much information
about the city or what it had to offer, so I put some things in a bag and
headed off to Formosa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Oddly enough for a Texan, I had always
travelled with my football boots and learned that there was an active league in
the city. I found my way to the training sessions of the Red Lions Football
Club, a motley assortment of ex-pats and Taiwanese who played in the Taipei
Businessman´s League. Taipei was much dirtier then and we frequently had to
pick dead animals and medical waste off the pitch after the monsoon rains had
flooded the nearby river. The league was comprised of ethno-national teams from
Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Ireland and the British Isles. On-field
tensions were as high as the humidity, making for a pungent and pugnacious
Sunday morning kickabout. On one occasion we brawled with the team from Hong
Kong who had brought twenty odd supporters along and I remember one of my
teammates having his arms held behind him as he was repeatedly punched and
kicked in the face. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">To make a long story short, we battled
through the league and the toxic mud, won enough to go on to the final which
was played in the </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Zongshan Stadium
in front of what must have been <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dozens</i>
of fans in a driving rain. The local media were out to cover the match, I
scored a couple of goals, and we won the league. In the awards ceremony, I was
handed a surprisingly heavy trophy with a Chinese inscription that I was told
was for the league´s best player. I couldn’t read it, so took it on confidence
that’s what it was. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ten years later, I
wrote a book about football stadiums in Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro and put
a relatively cryptic reference to this forgettable event in Taiwanese sporting
history on the back cover. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">So it is with great
pleasure that I return to Taipei, nearly twenty years to the day from my
modestly triumphant departure. </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Now to our swinging pendulum…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“If we take the simple <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">democratic</b> view that what men (sic) are
interested in is all that concerns us, then we are accepting the values that
have been <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inculcated</b>, often
accidentally and often deliberately by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">vested
interests</b>. These values are often the only ones men (sic) have had any chance
to develop. They are <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">unconsciously
acquired habits</b> rather than choices.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">This is a quote from C.W. Mills that is on
the splash page of the conference website under the heading <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reimagining Democracies and Sport.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">If we take the words that I have highlighted
here and place them together, we come up with a formula that I would like to
use to probe some key issues associated with sport and democracy in an age of
tremendous political uncertainty. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">If, as Mills suggests, citizens in
democracies (and other political systems) are inculcated with a particular
value system AND that value system is dominated by vested interests, then it
follows that political habits are unconsciously acquired. That is, we are not
fully conscious of our own actions and behaviours or how those inform the
increasingly trans-local societies in which we live. This may be especially
true for sport which is one of the most de-politicized realms of civic
engagement and much like the Texas Rangers baseball team of the Bushes, is
conditioned and controlled by vested interests. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">As academics interested in the cultural and
political manifestations of sport, we are called to question the unconscious
habits that sustain our sporting practices. If we assume that sporting practice
is inherently political, then a through examination of sporting practice will
also reveal a great deal about our political consciousness, our political
practices, and the tones and quality of our forms of governance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">I wish to explore these dynamics by interrogating
some of the ways in which achievement sport is inherently undemocratic, before
turning to some ways in which a progressive politics can emerge from the
current political conjuncture in which populist governments are more likely
than ever to use the deracinated politics of the sport industrial complex to
consolidate their power. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">I lived in Rio de Janeiro between 2009 and early
2015, a period in which the city underwent traumatic contortions to prepare
itself for the World Cup and Summer Olympics. Having witnessed first hand the
impacts upon geographic space and social relations in the city, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I wish to bring you through a trajectory of
the ways in which these events unfold in whichever city is unfortunate enough
to have political leaders that pursue them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The first decade of the 21<sup>st</sup>
century was a time of great optimism in Brazil. With a stable currency, a booming
economy, and the ascendency of a nominally progressive government headed by Lula,
elite coalitions within the emergent BRIC nation pursued and captured the 2014
World Cup and 2016 Olympic Games. In 2007, FIFA handed the World Cup to Brazil without
any competition, as a team headed by Ricardo Texeira and Jerome Valcke
presented Sepp Blatter with a 300 page dossier in the Amazonian city of Manaus.
That document was never seen by the Brazilian public, the aspirational promises
contained within it stashed in Zurich. It was only a few months ago, after two
years of digging in Switzerland that I was able to get my hands on it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">After being awarded the World Cup, a
Brazilian delegation led by Lula was in Copenhagen to argue for the awarding of
the Olympics to Rio de Janeiro. Again, a closed circle of elites, backed by the
real-estate and construction industries, put together a bid that had no input
from Brazilian civil society, no mechanisms for participation in the creation
of the future Olympic City, and came with a guarantee from three levels of
government that any and all cost overruns would be taken care of by the
Brazilian taxpayer. There is an on going investigation into which IOC palms
were greased prior to the 2009 vote, but in his emotive appeal, Lula claimed
that the global financial crisis would only be a ripple in Brazil, and that it
was Brazil’s, no, South America’s turn to host the world’s biggest party. The
IOC made no mistake about its intentions to prise open a neo-colonialist market
for the Olympic Movement and its business partners by calling the Rio Olympics
“A New World”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Once the World Cup and Olympic bids were
accepted and the ink on the hosting contracts dried, Brazilian politicians at
all three levels of government passed a series of laws that would allow FIFA
and the IOC to do business there. These exceptional laws included tax
exemptions for multi-national corporations, fast-track contracting procedures
that did away with environmental impact studies, compulsory purchase orders
that removed inconvenient neighbourhoods, and low interest loans for hotel and
stadium construction, exemptions to municipal debt regulatory structures, and
special powers for policing, including preventative arrests and the creation of
a draconian anti-terrorism law. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">These legal exceptions are the norm for
mega-event hosts and similar measures were passed in Germany, South Africa, Sydney,
Torino, Athens, Vancouver, and London - to only mention the recent democracies
to host the Olympics and World Cup. These states of exception are the norm
because the events themselves are abnormal, requiring extraordinarily rapid
transformations of urban space within seven years to accommodate the gigantism
of the spectacle and the feudal demands of the lords of the rings. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Once these laws of exception have been put
into place, the wrecking balls begin to swing and cities are forever changed.
Their pendular action sets off waves of creative destruction that inevitably
result in white elephant structures, environmental degradation, gentrification,
privatization, militarization, long term debt, and the consolidation of elite
privilege and consumer sovereignty. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">These are not accidental outcomes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Let me be more explicit: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The vaudevillian pulling of a city or
country out of an envelope sets off powerful forces that bring into reality the
places and spaces that are contained within bid documents. These documents are
technical assemblages complied by vested interests in local politics as well as
the finance, construction, media, real-estate, security, and tourism industries.
These documents have no broadly democratic input and have very little in the
way of accountability mechanisms. The documents are an assemblage of ideas,
desires, ideologies, and intentions, are full of promises to deliver generalized
benefits for populations, but are low on reality checks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Bid documents and the material
transformations that result from them are, in many senses, pornographic as they
intend to stimulate the desires of capital, of tourists, of the IOC and FIFA to
reproduce their social worlds in a particular geographic space in a way that is
familiar to them while hiding the violence implicit in the production and consumption
of those spaces and places. Indeed, FIFA, the IOC, and their corporate partners
only reproduce in certain kinds of spaces, within air conditioned boxes, with
certain sightlines, with suites of privileges, with seasonal fruits presented
to them in five star hotels. Cities and citizens endlessly construct these
sporting landscapes with public resources across the globe, but they have weak
voices, little agency. These pornographic geographies of global sport always
come with the promise of bling and bliss but inevitably and intentionally
result in wasted public resources, fleeting feel good moments for the few, and
enduring hangovers for the many. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Thus it happens that a city and country has
its laws and geography altered to attend to the demands of a small, opaquely
governed group of Swiss-based sports executives who enter into a binding
contract with a willing coalition of local politicians and their patterns in
the industries that stand to benefit the most from the production, consumption,
and destruction that the event itself calls into being. The convergence of
these two rent-seeking coalitions, the local and the international, plays upon
the civic and national consciousness of residents, local pride in hosting the
world overtaking the common good of building a better city, a healthier
society. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">In Brazil, the euphoria that accompanied the
arrival of the world’s biggest sporting events had dissipated even before the
Germans hammered seven nails into the ideological coffin of the Pais de Futebol.
Millions had already voiced their discontent at governmental spending
priorities in 2013, a general recognition that the damage to Brazilian
democracy had been done before that fateful semi-final. When the World Cup was
over, the bills were coming due as a colossal corruption scandal unfolded and a
real life House of Cards was playing out under increasingly desperate economic
conditions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The trials and tribulations of Rio de
Janeiro and Brazil in the post-mega event era are, or should be, fairly well known
to this audience. What we forget is that it was less than a year ago that the
IOC, the Rio organizing committee, the federal government and the sports
industry were clamouring about how many positive benefits were going to accrue
to the city as a result of hosting the Olympics. The evidence to the contrary is
there for all to see, as it always was. The business model of the mega-event is
designed to take money from the public purse and transfer it to private
interests while building iconic infrastructure that has little functional use
in the daily lives of residents, who are quadruply taxed for the dubious honour
of hosting. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Citizens, in democracies or not, must pay to
build the venues, then they must pay to attend the events, then they must pay
for maintenance and if they are wealthy, they can afford the higher ticket
prices that result from the gentrification of fandom. Those who benefit most
are a small cadre of elites involved in the event, and the international
tourist class that sprites into town for a few days or a week on a holiday, collecting
experiences, selfies, and social capital, before zipping back home without ever
thinking of the consequences. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Within the operationalization of the
mega-event, which is not so much an event as a process, the insidious cleverness
of the business model comes more fully to light. The convergence of
differential governance structures, one of sport and the other of society,
creates a shell game of responsibility wherein no individual or autarchy or
institution can be held to account for what is happening on the ground. If we
take the Brazilian example of the World Cup as paradigmatic, local governments
claimed that they were forced to spend money to build stadia that conformed to
FIFA requirements, the organizing committee could claim that they were held
hostage by state inefficiencies, and FIFA could claim that they were helpless
to intervene in Brazilian political affairs. In the end, citizens have nowhere
to turn, the games go on, the profits end up in Swiss accounts, and on to the next
host. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The media, implicated in the production and
consumption cycle of the spectacle, habitually repeat the question that allows
for the event to proceed apace. I was recently asked to participate in a BBC program
that was going to ask, again: is hosting the Olympic Games worth it? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">I refuse to answer this question as it
continues a monetized engagement with the impact of the mega-event when their reality
should be explored in much more detail and texture, especially in regard to the
role of sport in creating a more just and liveable world. While I think the
BBC’s producers may have had good intentions, the framing of the debate around
questions of worth does not allow for a questioning of the business model, but
rather maintains a focus on a dichotomized economic calculus. On top of that,
the question is facile: of course sports mega-events are “worth it”, for some. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Audiences have never been bigger, profits in
the sports industry never higher. For those that have never lived in a city
whose urban agenda has been hijacked by a mega-event, the burden of fandom is
never felt directly, the political consequences of the spectacle are always
borne by others. For global audiences, the World Cup and Olympics are biennial
comets that flash across our screens, spasms of flag waving, beer drinking, and
human interest stories. We may be inspired to do some more exercise, but the
events also create sharp divisions between us and them, reifying the
territorial boundaries of the nation-state and highlighting legal parameters of
citizenship, while creating ever more consumerist subjectivities. In this
particular political conjuncture we should ask ourselves if we need more
fanaticos waving national flags and creating mutual antagonisms predicated upon
narrowly defined categories. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">What if we were to ask the BBC’s question
differently: how do the Olympics and World Cup make a more just and liveable
world? How does sport contribute to human solidarity, mutual understanding, and
social justice? I think that in asking these questions, we are more likely to
uncover the ways in which sport and politics are one and the same. By exploring
answers to these questions we can reveal the mechanisms through which the
sports industrial complex is embedded within our political lives and can find
ways in which to use sport as a site of progressive political agency. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">So, how do the Olympics and World Cup make a
more just and liveable world?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">One of the wonderful things about these
events is that they are opportunities for people from all over the world – even
if they don’t attend in person - <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to meet
within a mutually intelligible set of practices, vocabularies, and histories. I
still remember my experiences from the 1994 World Cup when I met Nigerians and
Koreans, Argentinos and Bulgarians on the streets of Dallas, or from France
1998 when Iranians were consoling me on the streets of Lyon after they knocked
us out of the tournament. On Copacabana Beach in 2014, Brazilians were
introduced to the songs, chants, and passionate commitment of their fellow
South Americans in a way that most had never seen. It was both revealing and
instructive for them to see their <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hermanos
latinos</i> in action as Brazil has no identifiable national team culture. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">For the athletes and teams, participating in
the Olympics is always a special event, though this too has been changed by the
superstar status accorded the Yanquis, and the hyper securitized and increasingly
disciplined spaces in which the athletes must circulate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Those who are fortunate and wealthy enough
to travel to distant countries to participate as spectators and tourists
inevitably come away from the World Cup and Olympics with a sense of deep satisfaction,
even if their team loses. I did this myself in France, traveling around the
country with friends as we went from city to city watching matches. However, as
the stakes become ever higher for the cities and standardised processes of
militarisation, privatisation, and corporatisation have taken hold – we can no
longer afford to maintain a de-politicised position in regard to our fandom,
our tourism, or our relationship to the games we love. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The strong affect and good feeling that
surrounds the events extends to our ordinary sporting lives in many ways. Some
of my closest friends are teammates from seasons past, and my life has been
constantly marked by the rhythms and places of sport. Despite their personal importance
and potential to bring people together in unique and important ways, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I am no longer convinced that achievement
sport makes a more just and liveable world. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The interminable corruption scandals,
doping, gambling, and administrative chicanery that characterise global sport
appear to have crept into our everyday politics. The naked use of sport as a
site of political manipulation is nowhere stronger than in the USA where every
game must be opened with a singing of the national anthem, and every helmet,
backboard, and jersey must be slathered with the flag. The first memorial
services for victims of 9/11 were held in Yankee Stadium, and during the W. Bush
presidency NASCAR races and American Football games were increasingly used as
sites to bang the drums of war. The NFL is a certified contractor with the
Department of Defense and the game itself is a metaphor for Yanqui militarism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">To make matters worse, achievement sport is increasing
its stranglehold over municipal budgets, bringing ever younger labourers into a
globalised talent pipeline that has no safety nets, and uses public school
systems as a subsidized pipeline for future professionals. The highest paid
public employee in the majority of US states is either a basketball or American
Football coach, while the gentrification of fandom has accelerated with the
corporatization of stadium spaces financed with public money. The sports
industrial complex is replete with histories of exploitation, sexual abuse,
graft, corruption, and criminality. The Olympics and World Cup are platforms
for increasing consumption of tvs, soft drinks, fast food, energy, concrete,
glass, steel, and tourism. The more one looks the nastier it becomes – yet we
are constantly watching, drawn by our unconscious to watch this century-long
narrative unfold in yet another wave of creative destruction, or if you prefer,
destructive creation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">If the core question of a politicized
sporting life is “does this practice make for a more just and liveable world?”
then it is clear that achievement sport at the highest level is something that
needs a radical intervention. Conferences such as this are essential to
providing a space for pushing forward this essential dialogue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">If we move away from
achievement sport to ask “</span><span lang="EN-GB">How does sport contribute to
human solidarity, mutual understanding, and social justice?” then we may be
able to find some ways to work our way out of the current conjuncture in which
dangerously radical populism in a fake-news world may have found a serially
replicable model in the post-truthiness of mega-event rhetoric. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although it is
human nature to play games, institutionalized achievement sport is a relatively
new human endeavor. Whether or not the inventors and organizers of modern sport
wished them to be so, their social positions and ideological frameworks, the
places and spaces in which they played, their inclusions and exclusions, their
diffusion patterns and institutional structures have always grounded sports in
politics. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is probably
fair to say that everyone in this room cares deeply about sport. Personally, I
have explored the world by following a ball, bouncing from country to county,
city to city, always looking for and finding a game. The more I came to
structure my life, my personal relationships, and experiences around the sports
I play and watch, the more alienated I became from their most spectacular
manifestations and the more important the grounded engagement with them became.
I think it is possible to disassociate oneself from the sports industrial
complex and to use sport as a tool for political activism. While a Saturday
kickabout doesn’t need to happen while marching under a red star banner with
fists raised, there should always be an awareness about the freedom that can be
found within four lines, and the ways in which those same four lines can
function as exclusionary boundaries. There can be no game without opposition,
and trying and failing to convince mutually antagonistic groups that their
common practice, their common space, their common passion was under threat was
always one of the most frustrating elements of trying to organize football fans
in Brazil. In a dark political era, finding ways to use sport as a vehicle for
community engagement and basic human solidarity has never been more important. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Knowing that professional and high level
achievement sport are inherently undemocratic and increase rather than decrease
democratic institutions and practices, we need to be aware that we may be
asking unconscious, habitual questions of them. We should, indeed, be asking
whether or not we need them at all. What mutual benefit do they bring that we
do not already have in other areas of life? Are their rewards equally
distributed? How does sporting practice open space for social inclusion? If the
answer is “I don’t know”, then something needs to change. Can we disrupt and
rearticulate the oligarchic cabals that currently preside over global sport? Will
we learn from the lessons of the 1930s when both Hitler and Mussolini latched
onto the Olympics and World Cup to consolidate their political projects? What ends
would an Paris 2024 Olympics serve a hypothetical Le Pen presidency?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">These questions do not have easy answers and
may require that we sacrifice, or at least examine closely, some of our most
commonly held assumptions about sport. It may require that we never again watch
the Olympics or World Cup, it may require that we have to work against sporting
institutions in order to build something different. It may require that we stop
the Olympics, end the World Cup, as they are no longer fit for purpose. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">I would like to bring some of the points I
have made above in answer to the principal questions posed by the conference
organisers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">What does, or should, constitute a minimum level of control over
decision making by members for a sport system to be thought of as democratic?</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">I have argued that achievement sport is
inherently undemocratic, especially at the highest levels. The monopolistic
cabals of the IOC and FIFA, the NCAA and the Premier League are extraordinarily
poor examples of using sport to advance democracy, transparent decision making,
and accountability. While there have been incremental reforms, the underlying
governance structures of these institutions are relics of 19<sup>th</sup>
century paternalistic colonialism and should be torn down. They operate within
a governance infrastructure of an age where sport did not mobilize billions of
dollars across continents and had not yet emerged into a globalized sports
industrial complex. As we have seen on innumerable occasions, those who have
inserted themselves into sports governance structures have the ability to use these
cosseted positions to their advantage, all the while claiming that sports are
not political, that we should focus on the game. While of course not every
sports official is corrupt, the systems within which good people try to do good
work are so slavishly conditioned to maintain the status quo that whistle
blowers are prosecuted and left unprotected, and good intentions that negatively
impact the maximum extraction of monopoly rents are thwarted. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Part of the problem in answering this
question is that sport is inherently hierarchical. It is so tied to the project
of capitalist modernity that it may be impossible to have a system within which
there is a broadly distributive system of decision making. However, at smaller
scales, under more localized and regionalised conditions, there are models that
work to increase solidarity among members even within an inherently competitive
system. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">I would argue that it doesn’t matter so much
what we <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">think</i> about democracy or
levels of collective engagement, but that we <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">implement</i> meaningful reforms through personal practice so that the
benefits of sporting participation can extend beyond the immediacy of the
sporting community. For instance, I grew up playing soccer in suburban Dallas,
where every practice and every game had to be reached by car, where uniforms
cost upwards of 200 dollars a year, boots were 100 dollars a season, and travel
was the norm. This is an exclusionary form of sport that is predicated upon discriminatory
urbanism. In order to make sport more inclusive in suburban Dallas, we would
have to rethink our cities as well. In New York, where I now live, immigrant
communities that have long used public parks as a site for sport and community
building have started to retreat to other, more hidden spaces for fear of immigration
raids on a Sunday afternoon. In order to guarantee their ability to build
community through sport, we have to guarantee access to public space and
freedom of movement and association. Thus, in order for sport to be more
democratic, we have to have societies that are more democratic, which is to say
that sport and society are always reflexive of each other, drawing attention
yet again to sports’ inherently political nature. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The final question poised by the conference
organizers is: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">How much participation is
necessary for a sport to be democratic?</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">This is a question that I hope to find
answers to throughout this conference as it has raised a host of others in my
mind. For instance, “What kind of participation, under what conditions and to
what end?” If practicing sport in public spaces leads to incarceration, then
perhaps it is better not to do it. For many years in Brazil, capoeira was
banned as authorities considered it to be too much of a threat to public order.
This prohibition contained explicitly racist and classist overtones. We should
consider the ways in which similarly discriminatory practices are reflective of
broader institutional and societal ideologies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Secondly, what do we mean by democratic and
is this equally applicable in all contexts? If democracy means sheer numbers of
participants as a percentage of the population, then it is clear that even
within nominally democratic countries, there are radical inequalities. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Can we look at sports participation and begin
to analyse democratic deficiencies and begin to address the systemic
inequalities as they are expressed through sport? If we consider the USA to be
a democracy, then it is clear that within the country there are massively
unequal expressions of democratic agency. Not coincidentally, the regions shown
on this map closely correlate to voting patterns, education levels, school
quality, public services, and other discriminatory practices. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Finally, would a redistributive
authoritarian sport regime be acceptable if it took community considerations on
board as part of the decision-making processes? I have just spent several weeks
in the Peoples’ Republic of China which is levelling forests and diverting
rivers to provide snow covered venues for the 2022 Olympic Games. The goal is
to create a skiing industry northwest of Beijing so that the emerging consumer
class from the capital can engage in mass tourism in the countryside. This is
clearly a process that many Beijingers are excited about, but that the locals
in Chongli have not had much say in, even though they have seen their
real-estate values increase and will likely gain from the emergent service
economy. Is this democratic? Millions of people might benefit from this
developmental vectorisation that the Olympics are stimulating and surely 50% +
1 of the Chinese population is in favour of hosting the Games. This seems to
fit many of our criteria for democracy, yet will we dare say that China is a
democratic state?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB">As we prepare for a week of debate and
scholarship, I look forward to hearing from you regarding these initial
thoughts regarding democracy and sport, and applaud the conference organizers
for positioning sport in an explicitly political context. As the political
pendulum swings sharply to the right, what role will sports and sports
scholarship play in mitigating the pernicious effects of a feckless populism
predicated upon rigidly defined nationalist categories? Will we be able to turn
away from exclusionary expressions of sport in order to create a less consumerist
model that is predicated upon social justice and human solidarity? Can we
continue along the same path of corporatization and spectacle that brings
violence to the planet and communities, while consolidating benefits for the
wealthy? How can we use the commonalities of sport practice to educate our
students, our colleagues, our teammates, and those next to us in the stadium
about the real politick of the sports industrial complex? Do we have the
courage to lead by example? Can we afford not to? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-23166223445103207472017-03-14T12:55:00.002-03:002017-03-14T12:55:38.681-03:00UZH Farewell Lecture: an emergent political economy, part III<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tz2Wwsb1nm4" width="560"></iframe><br />
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<!--StartFragment--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The impacts of mega-events such as the World Cup
and Olympic Games have never been greater, nor their realisation more
contested. Every two years, global audiences are titillated by sporting drama
while populations in host cities face increasing costs, human rights
violations, unfulfilled promises, and white elephant infrastructures. Building
on a decade of research into the urban and social impacts of mega-events in
Brazil, this farewell lecture will detail the ways in which a series of
localised studies have emerged into a relational political economy of the mega-event
that links categories of flows, circulations, and accumulations. This emergent political economy details the
ways in which the stages of the event cycle (bid, preparation, realisation,
aftermath) impact upon the exercise of power globally and trans-locally. </span><!--EndFragment--><div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-5475896403984554872017-03-14T12:48:00.003-03:002017-03-14T12:48:53.091-03:00UZH Farewell Lecture: an emergent political economy, part 2<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UlkR_a2aiQE" width="560"></iframe><br />
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<!--StartFragment--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The impacts of mega-events such as the World Cup
and Olympic Games have never been greater, nor their realisation more
contested. Every two years, global audiences are titillated by sporting drama
while populations in host cities face increasing costs, human rights
violations, unfulfilled promises, and white elephant infrastructures. Building
on a decade of research into the urban and social impacts of mega-events in
Brazil, this farewell lecture will detail the ways in which a series of
localised studies have emerged into a relational political economy of the mega-event
that links categories of flows, circulations, and accumulations. This emergent political economy details the
ways in which the stages of the event cycle (bid, preparation, realisation,
aftermath) impact upon the exercise of power globally and trans-locally. </span><!--EndFragment--><div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-42776979464920703072017-03-14T12:39:00.002-03:002017-03-14T12:39:32.672-03:00Farewell Lecture, UZH: An emergent political economy, part one<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Md8ynZnO96I" width="560"></iframe><br />
<br />
The impacts of mega-events such as the World Cup and Olympic Games have never been greater, nor their realisation more contested. Every two years, global audiences are titillated by sporting drama while populations in host cities face increasing costs, human rights violations, unfulfilled promises, and white elephant infrastructures. Building on a decade of research into the urban and social impacts of mega-events in Brazil, this farewell lecture will detail the ways in which a series of localised studies have emerged into a relational political economy of the mega-event that links categories of flows, circulations, and accumulations. This emergent political economy details the ways in which the stages of the event cycle (bid, preparation, realisation, aftermath) impact upon the exercise of power globally and trans-locally.<div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-42084690410011478092017-02-23T08:00:00.000-03:002017-02-23T09:55:48.065-03:00Rio 2016, Six Months After Written with Professor John Horne, University of Central Lancashire<br />
<br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Decrepit, unused venues, unfinished transportation projects, rising
unemployment and social unrest, crippling debt, the Maracanã in tatters – </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/gallery/2017/feb/10/rios-olympic-venues-six-months-on-in-pictures?CMP=share_btn_link"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">this is the scenario</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> in Rio de Janeiro six months after Thomas
Bach strode off the stage at the 2016 Closing Ceremonies, never to return. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Similar to the catastrophic waste of money for twelve stadiums for the
2014 FIFA World Cup, the unfulfilled promises of social housing and efficient
venue use following London 2012, the herd of white elephants released in South
Africa, the destruction of the environment and staggering graft in Sochi, and
the monumental decrepitude of the Bird´s Nest, Rio 2016 has demonstrated yet
again that the business of hosting sports mega-events is a temporary boon to
the organisers, construction industry, and wealthy fans, but a terrible
proposition for cities, taxpayers, and the environment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">This week, residents of Switzerland voted not to bid for the 2026 Winter
Games. Hamburg, Boston, Budapest, and Rome refused to bid for the 2024
Olympics. Perhaps because they know the outcome, L.A. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Paris refuse to hold referendums on their
Olympic bids. The 2018 Korean Olympics have already had disastrous
environmental and political consequences. The Russians are building 12 stadiums
for the 2018 World Cup and those projects are shrouded in graft and waste.
Tokyo 2020 is spectacularly dysfunctional and over budget.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The only choices for the 2022 Olympics were
Beijing and Almaty: the Chinese are building a high-speed rail to mountains
that have no snow. The Qatari labour system has killed hundreds of migrant
workers, toiling to build stadiums that will glint in the desert winter for a
few weeks. FIFA says they can´t influence national political systems, but they
refuse to pay for any of the infrastructure that they need and then argue that
national governments are responsible for cost overruns, not them. This
corporate disingenuousness is written across the global landscape. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Given that we - </span><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">academics,
researchers, and journalists, who have been arguing for some time that there
are difficulties with the hosting of mega-events as they are currently organized
- </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">repeat the refrain
every two years, we need to ask ourselves two questions: is this outcome
accidental and should we continue?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To answer the first question, we must first suspend our
conceptions of major sports events as such. These massive gatherings are, as
Jules Boykoff and Andrew Zimbalist have pointed out, integral elements of the
global economy, moments of spectacular consumption that make billions for their
owners: FIFA and the IOC. If we follow the money back to Switzerland, we see
two organizations that act as monopoly rights holders, that operate with very
little transparency, and take no responsibility for the short or long-term
outcomes of their events. True, local coalitions of vested interests seek out
the Games, yet the media companies, politicians, security, tourism, real-estate
and construction firms that push for the bids are those that are guaranteed to
benefit from public largesse. With a guarantee of public financing and a
puerile search for symbolic and political capital, there is no need to skimp on
the party. Thus, the answer is no, the destruction is a naturalised element of
the festival: a long lasting hangover unequally borne by the most vulnerable
with the benefits accruing to the “rights holders” that imagined and staged the
bi-annual global bacchanal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">With Rio, we saw a city and country caught up in a sudden spasm of
good fortune, with government sponsored pre-Games legacy proclamations echoing
all previous Games in recent times: socializing the costs will socialize the
benefits. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There
is the dream-like quality of the Olympics that appears to grip boosters who are
alerted to the potential opportunities for place promotion on a global stage. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yet the benefits continue to be overestimated
by event organisers and sports fans are all too willing to suspend critical
thought as they can travel to see the events or watch them from the comfort of
their sofas. The IOC and FIFA touch down for a month, take their billions and
are gone. Fans descend in the hundreds of thousands, take their selfies, drink
their globalized lagers and sodas, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and return
home to reminisce. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What remains, in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">every</i>
case, is a city or country whose pre-existing problems have been exacerbated:
increased gentrification and real-estate speculation in London, greater social
division, urban fragmentation, and lack of resources in Rio, concentration of
political power in Russia, environmental destruction in China, tens of billions
wasted in Japan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Should we continue? The Games certainly will. </span><span style="mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">An ‘East Asian Era’ is about to unfold in
the hosting of the Winter and Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games as
Pyeongchang (South Korea), Tokyo (Japan), and Beijing (China) prepare to act as
hosts for the next three between 2018 and 2022. Before Pyeongchang hosts the
Winter Olympics and Paralympics the IOC will select either Paris or L.A. for
the 2024 debt-inducing media specatcular (Why they will do so in Lima, Peru is
anyone´s guess).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">Since the Games take place within
fractured social structures and amid enormous inequalities that persist and
develop over time we have to </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">continue to conduct research, investigate questionable practices, and articulate
our concerns</span><span style="color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;">. Neither
Paris or Los Angeles can meet budgetary, human rights, or sustainability
standards – indeed the hosting of an Olympic Games implies consumption,
militarization, pollution, waste, and corruption. Cities around the world are
realizing this and are pulling the bid. If you wouldn´t want the Games in your
city, you too should pull the plug on the Olympics and go play. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-21906888327074657282016-09-15T06:42:00.004-03:002016-09-15T06:42:58.315-03:00A long and short goodbye to the country of the eternal present<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">Retrospectives of mega-events are best left for years following
their conclusion. Yet the constant drive for summary, judgment, evaluation, and
pronouncement following the Games is so pervasive and contradictory that it
becomes necessary to remind ourselves that the event is not over – indeed in
many senses it has just begun. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">What we are witnessing in Rio de Janeiro is the unfolding of a monopolistic,
rent-seeking business model that plays on human emotions of desire, belonging, and
consumerist distinction as never before. The tightly braided relationships
between mega-events rights holders (IOC and FIFA), the “primary stakeholders”
of the event (Coca-Cola, McDonalds, Dow Chemical, Samsung, Hyundai, etc.), the
civil construction and real estate sectors and the executive branches of
government have been exposed. The general revolt of the Brazilian middle class
in June of 2013 was an expression of the frustration with the propagation of
this model in a country that has not met the basic needs of its citizens. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">Yet after the event cycle has closed, it appears that the warnings
of academics, journalists, activists, and others have been completely forgotten
in the glow of the Olympic flame. The dire conditions of police violence,
infrastructure, blown budgets, and suites of elite privilege turned out to be
true yet the Games themselves have somehow been exonerated from exacerbating
these problems because they happened without fatal incidents for the IOC family.
Journalists and editors are rushing to do a retrospective mea culpa about the
impending disaster of Rio 2016 because the infrastructure worked, the sport was
great, and Rio throws a fantastic party. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">As the mega-event monolith rolls on to Russia and East Asia, it
seems we are doomed to repeat the same mistakes, just in new forms under shifting
conditions, and in new places. There has always been a strong synergy between
the workings of global capital, geo-politics and the realization of the
Olympics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a scholar who has
accompanied the transformations in Rio de Janeiro’s urban, social, and sporting
landscapes for more than a decade I have seen the unfolding of a deeply flawed
urban and social project that has transformed the city in enduring ways. Below
I outline some of the principal ways in which this has happened and point to
some of the consequences that I foresee in a city that has spent the last 20
years pursuing a mega-event urban agenda. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">The
consolidation of consumer sovereignty <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Olympics and World Cup have accelerated
processes within Brazilian society that privilege consumerism over citizenship.
Both events transformed what were public spaces (Maracanã, Zona Portuaria,
beaches) into zones of private consumption where one can exercise one’s right
to public space and culture in the exact degree to which one can pay for it. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">These processes of privatization
have long been on the agenda of Rio de Janeiro’s executive branch and unfolded
in very similar ways throughout Brazilian cities that hosted the 2014 World
Cup. The events create zones of exclusion that are able to be penetrated by
those with the proper credentials – a processes of self-selecting access that
conforms to the contours of capital accumulation more generally. The corporate
sponsors of events have their employees dropped off near the stadia in special
buses where they are directed though city streets by youths holding up banners
that herald the arrival of the corporation. Ostentatious credentials swing like
signboards of entitlement as the global elite are conducted to their front-row
seats for the global spectacle. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">The consolidation of trends
towards what Mike Graham has called passage-point urbanism get an extra push
with the hosting of sports mega-events, normalizing spaces, relations, and
practices of exclusion/inclusion that become a naturalized part of the urban
environment. Within this new regime, one can conquer the right to freely
circulate within the city relative to one`s capacity to pay for that right. The
term “rights holder” is not accidental or incidental, it is the paradigm that
defines the urban condition in the event city.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The accelerated financialisation of urban territories</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As Raquel Rolink has expertly
analyzed in her book </span><a href="http://www.travessa.com.br/guerra-dos-lugares-a-colonizacao-da-terra-e-da-moradia-na-era-das-financas/artigo/9b8caf5a-5b05-416d-bc95-be008253e54a"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Guerra dos Lugares</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">there is a trend towards the financializaion of urban land markets
that has resulted in the exponential growth of disappropriation and expulsions
around the world. One of the more radical and universal effects of hosting
mega-events is the acceleration of the trends that Rolink identifies – except
that in places like Rio de Janeiro and Brazil more generally, the pre-existing
socio-economic conditions exacerbate the devastation that unfolds. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">We know that in the years leading
up to the Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games, more than 77,000 people were evicted,
removed, or dislocated from their homes to make way for “socially necessary”
infrastructure projects. And while it is true that any major urban intervention
will require the removal of houses and communities, there are legal measures in
place to guarantee due process, fair compensation, and legal recourse to
violations of the right to housing. Yet when the mega-event wrecking ball
descends, so too come regimes of exception that carefully sidestep democratic
institutions so that “fast track contracting” (known as RDC in Brazil) can
accomplish in seven years what would normally take twenty. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The acceleration of a city’s
biorhythm for an event driven planning agenda will always most negatively
impact those who are least able to defend their rights. In Rio, the urban poor
have always been excluded from accessing the suites of rights that have
permanent land tenure as their fundament. The historical wave of expulsions and
removals that have happened under the mayorship of Eduardo Paes have coincided
exactly with the pursuit of sports mega-events as a justification for </span><a href="http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2012/03/120308_eduardo_paes_entrevista_jc.shtml"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“doing whatever”</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> , as Paes
once bragged. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">These processes always <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">take place</i> in the literal geographic
sense of the word, and they also demand a dis-placement. For David Harvey, this
process fits within a larger paradigm of “accumulation by dispossession” but in
Rio we have seen this take multiple forms in different geographic territories. One
example, is the port region which was privatized through mayoral decree and
public monies employed to guarantee the financial viability of the project. At
the same time, the city government invested heavily in a light rail system that
will serve to further valorize these newly private territories while ignoring
other transportation projects that could have created a more viable network for
the metropolitan region as a whole. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Olympic Village, Olympic Park,
and OlympicGolf Course are three more examples of state led gentrification
projects that have taken public lands out of circulation, handed their
management to private companies, and left no provision for social housing or
models of sustainable urbanism. The state-led production of exclusive
residential enclaves has again been sustained and justified through the
expulsion of the poor (Vila Aut</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ódromo and other favelas in Barra da Tijuca), the construction of low
grade transportation to return the poor to their former places of employment
(BRT Transoeste), and the discourse of legacy. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">The restructuring of urban circulations<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">Without question, the largest,
most visible interventions for mega-events are always the transportation
projects. Airports, metro lines, highways, tunnels, bus lines, light rail:
Brazil’s investments in infrastructure for the World Cup and Olympics were
historic in scope and cost. However, not all infrastructure is necessarily
good. Witness the destruction of Rio’s perimetral, a very bad idea from the mid
20<sup>th</sup> century that has been replaced with a pedestrian promenade. In
this case, pedestrian circulation has replaced automobile circulation in a rare
attempt to return the center of the city to pedestrians. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">More generally, however, if we
look at the transportation systems developed as part of the “necessities” for
the Olympics, we see a few troubling tendencies. The first is to concentrate
all of the federal and state investment in the City of Rio de Janeiro to the
detriment of the metropolitan region. The already exaggerated distribution of
wealth to the City of Rio was aggravated, privileging expensive transportation
solutions (metro and VLT) in the center and south zones, while ramming through
sub-standard transportation (BRT) in the North and West. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">There was a major investment in
road building, as each of the 150km of BRT line also opened up more space for
automobile traffic. Along the trajectory of the Transcarioca BRT there are
narrow sidewalks, and at no point did any of the BRT lines take into
consideration non-motorized transport. The re-articulation of all of the city’s
bus lines to serve as feeder lines to the BRT system has had significant
negative consequences for the residents of the North and West zones (not to
mention those who live in the Metropolitan Region). These regions concentrate
the majority of Rio’s population and have not benefitted from a more integrated
and efficient transportation network, but have seen their mobility choices
limited. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">This limitation takes the form of
transportation funnels that connect Barra da Tijuca to the West and North and
South zones. Of the seven major transportation investments made for the
Olympics and World Cup in Rio, five connect to Barra da Tijuca<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- a neighbourhood that is not built on a
human scale, that is zoned for exclusive condominium communities, and within
which residents do not use public transportation. While the Linha 4 of the
Metro will inevitably benefit the 50,000 residents of Rocinha that commute
times to the employment-rich areas of Rio’s Zona Sul and Centro, the
opportunity cost of this investment will only unfold over decades. It is also
yet to be seen how the metro will function on a daily basis as it is likely to
be full at its point of origin in Barra da Tijuca. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">While the city government has
said that it managed to elevate the percentage of the population that takes public
transportation from 18% to 63% within seven years, there is not yet any data
that support the claim (frequently and erroneously repeated in major media). We
have not seen any administrative decision that seek to change the Brazilian
ideology of car ownership as a fundamental right, nor have we seen infrastructure
projects that would encourage people to use their cars less frequently or to
drive fewer kilometers (such as park and ride, or multi-modal transport
stations). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">The development of Rio’s mega-event
transport systems is directly linked to the financialization of the urban land
market. On one hand, the valorization of urban territories through the
development of transportation projects facilitates expulsion and removal
through eminent domain and gentrification. On the other hand, the city
justifies removal through claims that the poor can continue to have access to
job markets and environmental amenities because the transportation lines will
serve to reduce their commutes. However, this reading is also limited, as the
weight of the opportunity costs for not creating new circulatory pathways
through the metropolitan region as a whole will eventually cause more traffic
congestion, more wasted hours in buses and trains that have not been modernized
and will further marginalize those who live in the metropolitan periphery. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">The extensive projects that have
been forced through Rio`s planning system have given the impression that the
city has really made progressive changes to its urban circulations. Yet the
lack of urbanization that has accompanied the projects, along with the violent
urban ruptures that the BRTs have occasioned along their trajectories have been
accompanied with shocking stories of forced removal and displacement that call
into question the social utility of using a mega-event as leverage to
restructure circulations that are pre-determined by a 16 day party. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">The consolidation of elite exception<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">The two above processes are
intimately linked with the planning process for the global spectacle, as well
as the ability of vested interests to extract maximum wealth from the host
city. While there is evidence to suggest that the investments unlocked by the
arrival of the event have the capacity to stimulate the local labour market in
the short term, there is scant evidence to prove that long-term benefits accrue
to the host city’s economy or to its citizens. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">To the contrary, the very structure
of sports mega-events consolidates the socio-economic realty of the
institutions that are responsible for their realization. Both FIFA and the IOC
are based in Switzerland, shrouded in secrecy, and gain enormous profits form
their events, while assuming almost none of the financial risk. These
institutions depend on local governments to sign onerous hosting contracts that
enforce a suite of exceptions and guarantees. Of course, the local
collaborators are also searching for rent-seeking opportunities for their
political and economic coalitions and in order to accomplish the task of
accumulation, install regimes of exception (and temporary, non-governmenal
autarchies) that consolidate both the opportunity for wealth making and
exclusivity. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">These practices range from the
granting of special visas to foreigners, tax exemptions for corporations, the
closure of city streets, legislation against ambush marketing, the “cleaning”
of urban space (billboards and homeless), to differential models of policing
for different spaces of the city. This last item is much discussed, as the
ostentatious display of firepower during mega-events functions on multiple
symbolic and practical levels. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">On the geo-political level, hosts
use the exhibition of tanks, jet fighters, and NASA like command and control
centers to show the rest of the world that they are capable of handling
external and internal threats. On the national level, these same weapons are
used to control borders, fight organized crime, or to crush social movements.
At the local level, military ostentation is meant to ensure the continuity of
the event, guarantee the safety and security of teams, delegations, officials,
and tourists while making doubly sure that there are no “interruptions” to the
maximum circulation of these groups in the city. As one gets closer to the
event, the security varies: ostentatious on the outside, invisible on the
inside.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">These security dynamics extend to
the way in which the city as a whole is imagined, projected, and constructed.
The Olympic city is a place to be photographed, where the landscape and the experiential
dynamics of place are consumed through selfies, where the police are there to
guarantee the exercise of the right to consume and to be consumed. In the
non-Olympic city, the official desire is that the cameras will never go there,
that tourists will never be tempted “to stray” into the suburbs, into favelas,
or off of Pure Island. The tourist routes as described on the </span><a href="http://visit.rio/"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Visit.Rio</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> website are almost all in the Centro and Zona Sul (the Feira
Nordestina in S</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ão
Cristóvão is the exception). We saw that the continuing tragedy of violent
police incursions into favelas continued apace during the Olympics: the deaths
of police and residentes are inevitably excused with phrases such as, “it would
have happened anyway, you can’t blame the Olympics for that.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">The shifting of resources combines with the opening of public cofferes
to gruarantee the provision of security, health care, emergency services,
energy, water, food, transportation, financing, etc. for the Olympic City and
Olympic Citizens (Family) before and during the event. This is essentially a
transfer of public resources to the wealtheiest sectors of Brazilian and global
society. The costs are borne by the public and now that Rio de Janeiro state
has declared a calamity, those who have benefitted from this transfer of wealth
will continue to benefit disproportionately after the event has passed. There
are two reasons for this. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">The first reason is the well-documented condition that Brazilians who
have enough wealth to privatize their daily lives do so as soon as they are
able. Thus, with the rise of the “New C Class” Brazil also experienced a rise
in private car ownership, an increase in private schools, and a surge in
private health insurance. These represent the privatization of mobility,
education, and health care. Brazilians also have privatised secutiry as never
before and this sector has seen tremendous growth. The privatization of
residental landscapes also comes with private security, as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">porteiros</i>, guards, and 24 hours cameras demand cheap labor pools
that live in the perifery. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">With the bankrupcy of the Rio State Government, those who were able to
consolidate their sócio-economic position within the last fifteen years will be
able to continue to access their constitutional rights to housing, education,
security, and health care through market mechanisms. Those who are forced to depend
on the public for basic services will find that their rights have been eroded
as a consequence of the transfer of wealth demandeded by a decade long series
of global parties. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpLast" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: large;">Vacuums of institutional responsibility and accountability<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: large;">One
of the most impressive moments of Thomas Bach’s (IOC president) speech during
the closing ceremonies was the finality with which he left the stage. After
presiding over the flag transfer ceremony from Eduardo Paes to the mayor <span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shintaro Ishihara, and waiting through a
bungled speech by the Carlos Nuzman of Rio 2016, Bach said, “Thank you Rio,
goodbye!” He then turned and walked off the stage. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Goodbye and thanks for all the billions. Bach’s
speech did not mention the massive contortions that the city had gone through
to host the IOC’s party. Nor did he mention how the IOC would stay involved in
the future development of the city, or encourage a team of urbanists to ensure
that the so-called legacy projects would be completed. He said goodbye, as in
“We’ll never see each other again.” It wasn’t a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">até a pr</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">óxima, que seja
logo</span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, or even the German</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">auf weider sehen</span></i><span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">…just the short, curt, English <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">goodbye.</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">This phrase struck a particular chord with me
because it is indicative of how the mega-event business model works to create
vacuums of responsibility that permit large institutions, governments, and NGOs
to push forward massive projects based on promises to the public that can later
be ignored without consequence. For instance, the cleaning of 80% of Guanabara
Bay was a proposal included in the Rio 2016 bid book. The bid book was agreed
to by the IOC and the City of Rio as the guiding document for the Games, but
neither would take any responsibility for the completion of the project. The
City always said it was a State responsibility and the IOC said that it was a
promise of the bid committee. The bid committee ceased to exist once Rio 2016
was contracted by the IOC and even though may of the same people from the bid
worked for Rio 2016, they would not revise their projections or take
responsibility for the lack of completion of the promise. Similar lacunas were found
throughout the preparations for the World Cup and a the list of incomplete,
overpriced projects from that tournament grows, so too does the obvious
non-utility of most of the stadiums build for that one month of football. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">In Rio, it is unclear if there are any
institutional channels through which the population will be able to measure the
development and implementation of the so-called legacy projects. It is not at
all certain that the handball arena (Arena do Futuro) will be dismantled and reconstructed
as public schools, or if these schools will be able to make good use of the
very particular architecture. While this could be an interesting architectural intervention,
there is as yet no evidence whatsoever that it is going to happen. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And if it doesn’t will there be any agency or
individual that can be held responsible? The mayor will be out of office, the
governor will have moved on, the organizing committee will no longer exist, and
the IOC will be cooling its heels in Switzerland. The party is over, the
hangover is coming, and the billions are being stuffed into Swiss bank
accounts. Valeu a pena?</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoteLevel1CxSpFirst" style="mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-4524089059114350292016-09-02T13:33:00.003-03:002016-09-02T13:33:58.327-03:00Scorched earth<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Success. We knew the word was coming, as it always does after billions have lined the pockets of private industry and the population has been exposed to the delights of global consumer culture, while slaving to pay the rent, catch a bus, protect their kids from police invasions, buy beans, work all day, catch a bus, repeat. What are the metrics for success? </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Re-invention. A way to say that the commodification and privatisation of urban space allows for the development of projects that <i>never would have happened otherwise</i>. But who planned these projects, how, when, using what criteria? </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">If only the event is capable of creating the urgency and necessity to develop projects on a monumental scale and even though we may have to accept the reduction of democratic participation, the transfer of lands and money, the consolidation of elite privilege, etc...isn't it worth it to have a had the world focus on the city for 16 days? Isn`t the legacy of the party enough to sustain us even though those spaces are not fit for daily purpose? What has been re-invented for whom and under what conditions? What is the post-Olympic city? What was the pre-Olympic city? What is the non-Olympic city? What was life like during the 16 days of the Olympics, for whom, under what conditions? The question of was it worth it is almost irrelevant as now we have to hold people accountable for the piles of bullshit they laid on and to find creative ways to use what was left behind. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">These are questions that do not have easy answers and over the history of this blog, I have traced the outlines, contours, and vectors of Rio as it clattered to the end of a mega-event cycle that began back in the mid-1990s. Now that the construction projects have stopped and the dust is settling, there may be a chance to re-evaluate what happened, but the past is as uncertain as the future in Brazil. The differing interpretations of what happened this week in Brasília are enough to make a geographer weep with exhaustion. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">What has become clear, without a shadow of a doubt, is that the Brazilian event cycle connected with the sinusoidal crises of confidence, repression, progressive politics, violence, liberty of expression, party and hangover that define the Brazilian episteme. Rio was under contract for big events from 2003-2016, the 13 years of PT rule. There was a sense of optimism during this period that began crashing just before the 7-1 and disappeared ever more quickly after that. Ironic that the week between the Olympics and Paralympics has seen the finalisation of the impeachment process. With the floodlights burning out, Brazil seems likely to take a long jump backwards. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The Temer government and its media lamba-sacos have made their intentions clear: no more attempts at egalitarian wealth redistribution, consolidate the inviolable power of the white landed class, ignore race and gender difference (indeed, ossify the existing structures), and violently repress any and all who get in the way of the new project. While there are massive structural reforms that need to be undertaken in Brazil to reduce bureaucracy, restructure the economy, open space for investment, and deal with the massive urban crisis exacerbated by PT policies, there is a sense that the social agenda of the far right is going to dominate the political debate. The 2014 elections ushered in the most conservative congress since the dictatorship, and that laid the rotten foundation for a haunted house of cards. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Some have suggested that the events were a way for Brazil to strut its emergent self on a global stage, but it should hopefully be obvious that demonstrating a capacity to build and organize on a massive scale does not in and of itself bring lasting benefits. Cariocas should be proud that they can put on the world's biggest parties, but when the entire apparatus of the state is directed towards that end, it is not so surprising that it was an operational success for the primary stakeholders. The non-Olympic city is more segregated than ever and now that the state is broke and the city`s finances are only coming to light, there will be little money or appetite to diminish this distance. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">As I have said since the beginning, events carry opportunity costs that are too great for a society that has not resolved the basic provision of rights, the minimal delivery of public services, or addressed issues of race, income disparity, class, environment, gender, education, etc. The PT made some remarkably positive strides in this direction but in pursuing the event agenda guaranteed that their social and political base would be excluded from the cities that they struggle to build and live in every day. Of course, Brazil's current crisis is much greater than the event cycle, but the fact that the Olympic Flame snaked through Brazil and was met with more protests than any other torch relay (in a national context) in Olympic history, at the same time that the Rio de Janeiro power base of the PMDB was undertaking a scorched-earth political campaign is a coincidence too obvious to ignore. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">As the Paralympic flame is set to be lit in Rio under an unpopular and illegitimate government, we can only hope that things will not turn out to be as bad as we expect them to be. Hopefully we will learn a lesson from Rio 2016 and not set the bar so low as to consider anything but total disaster a metric for success. </span><div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-24128697602009515732016-08-24T10:09:00.002-03:002016-08-24T10:09:17.669-03:00Cidade do Selfie<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisZ-EAm4SEN5VNdOLxnlaa56_u9USsAYSN0gi7cH2RayVtfI8GMSfwQOrRSNVN2dGM0F4XyqejMyuutMWH9SumkUvxR1-P8cpuuTsvqnMETqgyPCL6iyCLsLmg02e6se53owJu7-d5gjzG/s1600/DSC_0256.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisZ-EAm4SEN5VNdOLxnlaa56_u9USsAYSN0gi7cH2RayVtfI8GMSfwQOrRSNVN2dGM0F4XyqejMyuutMWH9SumkUvxR1-P8cpuuTsvqnMETqgyPCL6iyCLsLmg02e6se53owJu7-d5gjzG/s320/DSC_0256.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Rio`s new iconographic landscapes</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The
City of Rio de Janeiro is undoubtedly situated in one of the most beautiful
natural settings in the world, with one of the most pleasant climates, and is
surrounded by oceans and mountains that provide escapes from the summer heat.
The iconic physical landscapes are complimented by iconic architectural and
urban designs: Cristo, Parque do Flamengo, Cal</span><span lang="PT-BR"><span style="font-size: large;">çadão de Copacabana, Sambódromo, Arcos da Lapa,
Maracanã. Now, the city government has added the VLT, BRT, and the Museu da
Amanhã to the pictography of the city.</span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">As I
was watching the closing ceremony of the Olympics, one of the commentators on
SporTv said: “This has been the selfie Olympics.” And then it struck me: this
was the selfie Olympics in the Cidade do Selfie. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUo3mbjCfUujEthqoue88AZv7fDyj8FLNJg51hbjN-t_MZnOY6br4LoMKdvO9LsPPZLNcTO9gUaA5CBPffBxoKy-v0Ol9V1gxTQqvFZ8oNGQPvz-BEvrZhe-XZJdv1YZHQpOwEY0F7SEee/s1600/DSC_0446.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUo3mbjCfUujEthqoue88AZv7fDyj8FLNJg51hbjN-t_MZnOY6br4LoMKdvO9LsPPZLNcTO9gUaA5CBPffBxoKy-v0Ol9V1gxTQqvFZ8oNGQPvz-BEvrZhe-XZJdv1YZHQpOwEY0F7SEee/s320/DSC_0446.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Central do Brasil w old selfies on the wall</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">When
tourists, commuters, workers, vagabundos, and geographers walk into the main
hall of the Central do Brasil train station they are faced with murals that
depict the city around them. On front of the Rio Sul Shopping is always a
gigantic mural of some scene in the Zona Sul. In restaurants and bars, the
pictures on the wall are always of Rio. It’s not uncommon to see Cariocas
preening in front of their cameras and then flipping through their selfie
collection while stuck in traffic. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There
is a Brazilian fascination with the selfie that I will leave to the
anthropologists to dissect, but I would guess that Rio is the epicenter of this
phenomenon that may come from a historically situated condition of perpetual
self-reflection on the natural beauty of the city. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFJgPFcP_Ps_GpG6U0tFgAGS9U09TzdGwIQ4DQYT0IdFtNWDbmIDZ1Gm_Jl1A4IfNP0LHpLDOYfSO-cmTxKU33wHUOjFtWniRF8vxJ74SK-pi378geHDKBuzvIAnFJLJhi1aO24qMUoEt3/s1600/DSC_0411.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFJgPFcP_Ps_GpG6U0tFgAGS9U09TzdGwIQ4DQYT0IdFtNWDbmIDZ1Gm_Jl1A4IfNP0LHpLDOYfSO-cmTxKU33wHUOjFtWniRF8vxJ74SK-pi378geHDKBuzvIAnFJLJhi1aO24qMUoEt3/s320/DSC_0411.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A brilliant place for a selfie</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Of
course, Brazil and Rio are not alone in this, as the selfie as a mode of
personal expression has gown around the world to merit more serious attention.
The selfie phenomenon may indicate a general switch in human consciousness or
simply a different way of experiencing the world, or it may be just another way
of fetishizing lived experience as an act of consumption. With the explosion of
cell phones and digital cameras, photography has become such an integral part
of our daily lives that we forget that as recently as 15 years ago, we still
printed our pictures, increasing the time and space between the moment of the
picture and its remembrance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In
the cidade do selfie, I take a picture (with a me-phone) and immediately look
at it, admiring my own beauty and marveling at my good fortune or privileged
leisure before the moment or experience has actually passed. The collapsing of
personal experience into a constant echo chamber of selfie reflection may
eventually force us to evolve longer arms and more delicate index fingers, but
it does not permit much space for reflection about the world in which the
selfies happens. It is as if we are afraid that we will not remember where we
were ten minutes ago without encapsulating the moment in a photo. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The
selfie is a perfect expression of reality within the Olympic Bubble. As with
the USAmerican rower who was so adamant that she would “row through shit for
you”, the Olympism is a self-referential moral system that projects the desires
of the individual onto Others as a means of justifying that pursuit. The gringa
was never rowing through shit for anyone but herself and completely ignored the
rather obvious fact that she can choose to do this while the people who live
here are rather mired in it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">It
is within this selfie bubble that Thomas Bach can say “There was no public
money involved in Rio 2016” or that the IOC “<a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-rio-stepanova-idUSKCN10V0Q4">is
not responsible</a>” for the risk that whistleblowers run when denouncing state
sponsored doping programs. The Olympic City is always a city constructed to be
photographed, within which Olympic tourists descend to take selfies, consuming
the landscape and experience before heading home to show their friends and
family their pictures of themselves in front of iconographic scenarios
specifically constructed for their selfies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Thus, Olympic urbanism meets Samsung and begets <a href="http://oglobo.globo.com/esportes/olimpiada-do-rio-o-evento-mais-instagramado-da-historia-19973248">916
million instagram photos in 16 days</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The
selfie is part of a larger trend towards the instant historicization of the
present and recent past. Within an hour of the closing ceremonies, there were
already retrospective montages of the Games that encapsulated the best moments
for us, before we could think about it ourselves. The government is rushing to
say that the Games were a success without allowing the dust to settle. Play-acting
president Temer launched a press release yesterday saying that “The World has
rediscovered Brazil” – a tidy articulation with the IOC’s “A New World” slogan.
How did the world rediscover Brazil? What world? What Brazil? What
(re)discovery? This way of promoting and interpreting Rio’s mega-event cycle is
fraught, eliding problems and challenges that can only be adequately digested and addressed with the passage
of time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Prolonged
consideration, public engagement, and collective action are actions that the Olympic
Cidade do Selfie does not encourage. It
is the Cidade de Nós Todos that needs to be constructed in its stead. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-62107171022032208842016-08-22T16:00:00.002-03:002016-08-22T16:11:01.496-03:00Seven years a slave<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">It’s over, save for the lawsuits and corruption scandals. And the Paralympics, impeachment, debt servicing, white elephants, new weapons of mass destruction in the hands of the police, an impending collapse of public security and health care, the return of the mosquitoes, municipal elections, and peering into the void of (un)accountability. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">There have been a number of very good reflections on this most recent global spectacle, but within these there are always some points that need to be though through more thoroughly. Here’s one from S.L. Price of <a href="http://www.si.com/olympics/2016/08/20/rio-olympics-brazil-developing-world-reform-crisis">Sports Illustrated</a>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">“Rio? It came nearly as advertised: Exhausted, ragged, a city and its nation in crisis. What else should we have expected? Brazil is not the world’s sole victim of financial crisis or political paralysis, just one of the worst. That it still managed to revitalize its decrepit port and build a $3 billion, 10-mile subway extension, the first line of an urban light-rail system, and an efficient rapid bus network used on Aug. 12 by a record 855,000 passengers, not to mention host the world amid its suffering, verges on the heroic.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">The word “revitalization” is a euphemism used the world over as a substitute for gentrification, expulsion of the working class, and financialization of urban territories. We know that Rio’s port region lacked investment for decades, but this is partly because the region was zoned against new residential construction, has few supermarkets or schools, and turns into a no-person’s land after 6pm. The solution? Privatize through decree, handing over five million square meters of land with more than 6,000 empty buildings to Brazil’s biggest construction and real-estate firms. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">Within this area, the city government decided to cover itself with urban bling, building a cripplingly expensive light rail system that is itself designed to valorize the territories within the port zone. This is a perverse investment that will rust into disuse as soon as it stops being a tourist attraction (The English only need to see it once). The center of Rio is prone to flooding and large pools of water will necessitate a systemic shut down of the because of the center rail could electrify pedestrians. In this case, the VLT cars are equipped with batteries to take passengers to the next station, where they will disembark and the VLT will stop running until the water recedes. Genius. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">An efficient bus system? I don’t think that Price ever tried to get a bus that was not linked to the Games. If he had, he would have found that Rio’s bus stops lack a map or even an indication of which buses will pass, when, or where they go to. I pointed this out on Twitter a month back and the mayor posted a picture of the Olympic transport map. Fine. From the height of a parachute, it looks like a functional and efficient system, but in a city that has the third worst traffic in the world, to talk of efficiency is to miss the point entirely. There is no public transportation in Rio, there is no map of the bus system, and city planning agendas are dictated by a cabal of special interests. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">And finally, the metro. This is the last project that Rio needed and the city and state have wasted a historic opportunity of record cash flow to construct a metropolitan transport network that would serve the needs of the population and not the tourists going from Copacabana and Ipanema to Barra. <a href="https://www.facebook.com/metroqueorioprecisa/?fref=ts">There are innumerable testimonies about the folly</a> of the metro and while they did manage to get it done on time for the Games (at many billions over budget), are we to celebrate this as a heroic and pyrrhic victory, or simply as another example of the Games capturing the long term planning agendas of a metropolis of 12+ million? Please. Just because a lot of things were built in a short period of time, it doesn’t mean that they were the right things to build in the right places with a modicum of transparency. These transportation projects were responsible for the majority of the 20,000 homes destroyed in the largest cycle of forced removals in the city’s history. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">Despite this perspective, which likely comes from an ignorance of the context of Rio’s urban contortions, I agree with Price’s assessment that for Rio 20sicksteen: “The underlying message: Take an eye off the sports for even a moment, and you risked disillusion or dismay. You call <i>that</i> an Olympics?”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/22/world/americas/rio-olympics.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=photo-spot-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news">Andrew Jacobs of the New York Times</a> parachuted into Rio to cover the Games and like his colleague Roger Cohen, whose unfortunate whinge I debunked in the last post, has showed just how easy it is for a seasoned professional to lose their critical faculties when confronted with covering the global spectacle. Jacobs tries mightily to listen to critics, but he won’t allow himself to be distracted from the debased narrative that the Games are really good for all of us, even the poor. To wit:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“But t<i>he criticism aside </i>[my incredulous italics], the Olympic Games</span><span style="font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/subjects/o/olympics_2016/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="More articles about the 21016 Olympic Games."><span olympics="" span="" summer=""></span></a> in Rio have profoundly altered this city of six million, yielding a revitalized port; a new subway line; and a flush of municipal projects, big and small, that had long been on the wish list of city planners.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This is, as I described in the last post, technically bullshit. The Transcarioca BRT line <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">was</i> on the wish list of city planners – in the 1960s. This line, identified as the T-5 in the Rio 2016 bid book, was originally called the Linha Azul in the <a href="http://www.urbanismobr.org/bd/documentos.php?id=2765">Doxiadis urban plan of 1965</a>. The Linha Amarela, also part of this plan, smashed through the dense neighborhood fabric of the Zona Norte <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in 1995 to connect Barra da Tijuca with the Linha Amarela (a project facilitated by Jo</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "georgia";">ão Havelange’s intervention with the military dictatorship). The Transcarioca has added another perverse layer to the automobile fantasies of Rio’s elites. This is not urban planning, it’s a residual ideological perspective that continues to shape urban governance and planning in Brazil.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "georgia"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jacobs doesn’t interview urban planners to test his theory, but turns to an analyst at Moody’s who says: </span><span style="font-family: "georgia";">“It’s undeniable that the infrastructure that has been built for the Games will benefit the population once the Olympics are over.” Where is the evidence for this claim? There is none, just a blind belief that any infrastructure is good infrastructure, with no consideration of the opportunity costs, or that the lines are privatized and already provide intermittent, crowded, sub-standard service for the urban poor while opening ever more space for cars. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: large;">But Jacobs isn’t done yet, turning his myopic pen to the Port. Here I consolidate his comments on the port region into one: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then there is<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://t.sidekickopen53.com/e1t/c/5/f18dQhb0S7lC8dDMPbW2n0x6l2B9nMJN7t5XYgcW2vlW2zGvGn5v_YW6W1q7mhC56dW9yf52V4xC02?t=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portomaravilha.com.br%2Fenglish&si=6005122219114496&pi=564c6acd-1684-4dbc-a6e3-06da64cdb689"><span style="color: #326891;">Meu Porto Maravilha</span></a>, or My Wonderful Port, the historic waterfront that for decades was cut off from downtown Rio by a hulking elevated highway, its 19th-century warehouses left to molder. Plans to rehabilitate the port, first put forth in the 1980s, had long been stymied by a lack of money and insufficient political will…The $2.5 billion rehabilitation, much of it financed through the sale of air rights from adjacent properties and tax incentives to developers, included demolishing the viaduct and funneling traffic through a new three-mile tunnel…Over the next decade, the developers plan to build 500 apartments that they say will be affordable to residents of a nearby favela. Many of these residents are descendants of the half-million<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/world/americas/rios-race-to-future-intersects-slave-past.html"><span style="color: #326891;">African slaves who first arrived in Brazil</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>at Valongo Wharf. The wharf’s recently unearthed foundations are scheduled to become part of a museum that will also include a forgotten slave cemetery.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Again, the port region was privatized through decree and there are 6,000 vacant buildings in the Port and Centro regions of the city. There is a housing deficit of some 220,000 homes in Rio, yet developers say they are going to build 500 apartments that will be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">available</i> to residents of favelas (probably Provid</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ência</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, where dozens of houses were removed for the authoritarian imposition of a cablecar). 500 apartments? This somehow will erase the historical debt of the odd half-million slaves dumped on Brazil’s shores? The money has been spent on the expensive to maintain, yet environmentally “sustainable” Museu da Amanh</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ã – a place dedicated to forgtting about the past. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">The “air rights” that Jacobs talks about are called CEPACS and were the principal financing mechanism for the PPP of Porto Maravilha. CEPACS are rights bought to build above the current zoning restrictions, which have had the effect of increasing real-estate speculation and fostering gentrification in other Brazilian cities. Usually, these are sold on the open market, but as the private sector did not come forward to buy enough of them to make viable the privatization, CAIXA, a Brazilian state bank, bought <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.portomaravilha.com.br/artigosdetalhes/cod/10">all of them for R$8 billion</a>. </i>100% public risk + major transfer of public lands to the private sector + spectacular urbanism predicated on global consumption = a place that Jacobs can really get into, despite the obvious problems inherent in pulling off this kind of project in corrupt and opaque Rio:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: large;">“It’s hard to get excited about the Olympics when our hospitals are so overcrowded and people can’t find jobs,” she said. But sitting in the shadow of a new science museum by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, Ms. Lima said she had changed her mind. “I’m sure there was a lot of corruption and waste that went into this, but the end result is gorgeous and really cool,” she said. “This is definitely a place I’m going to come back to again and again.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">The Olympic Boulevard is an improvement on what was there before, no doubt, but what it was turned into during the Olympics was a pathway for global brands to stuff our faces with sugary drinks, watery pilsner, smart phones, imported cars, and innumerable opportunities for selfies. While having a new public space for Cariocas is welcome, there spatial tropes that appeal to the international tourist class make it yet another scenario to be consumed, another place to be “done” (to use the gringo traveler lingo). Jacobs, as the Brazilian saying goes, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pisou feia na bola</i>, making the least of an opportunity for balanced coverage. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">The best commentaries I have read have, not surprisingly come from Brazilians. Two of the many excellent commentaries coming out today build upon what <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/21/opinion/sunday/i-criticized-the-olympics-that-doesnt-make-me-a-traitor.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FBarbara%2C%20Vanessa&action=click&contentCollection=opinion&region=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=1&pgtype=collection">Vanessa Barbara wrote in the New York Times on Saturday</a>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">“</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia";">Brazilians boo every athlete who’s not Brazilian, we boo the foreign journalists and we boo ourselves, just for the noise. Yet, many of us are interested only in making a good impression on the same foreigners we seem to despise; we want the country to look pretty on camera, despite the cost for those who live here. Every positive article about the Olympics in the international press is like a gold medal. For me, this is a more serious complex: the one where you will do anything just to impress the visitors and try to disguise problems, instead of fixing them.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: large;">Bravo. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: large;">Two other notable commentaries came from Luis Eduardo Soares, a Brazilian luminary that is able to see the whole and the parts. In <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/21/rio-2016-olympic-games-brazil-legacy-party">today’s Guardian he wrote</a>: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">Eduardo Paes, the mayor of Rio de Janeiro, has done everything to try to stop a parliamentary inquiry commission being opened in the municipal chamber to investigate spending on the Olympics. Of the original promises made by Paes for the Games’ legacy, mainly involving investment in urban mobility and the reduction of pollution, barely half have been met on time. The Games’ proposed budget of $13bn was exceeded a long time ago – but a lack of transparency over the real costs has fuelled suspicions of corruption.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And as Soares is perhaps <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the</i> expert on public security in Brazil, it is worth reminding everyone that the during the Games no fewer than 8 people were killed in Rio’s northern suburbs (not counting the continuing massacre of political candidates in the Baixada Fluminense): </span><span style="font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">“Between 2003 and 2015, 11,343 people were killed by police in the state of Rio, mainly by military police. The overwhelming majority of victims are young, black and poor. Investigations, when they do take place, are generally inconclusive. In other words, extrajudicial executions are indirectly authorised by governments, institutions and the population itself, with people widely believing that the killings will reduce crime. Yet in the first seven months of 2016, 60 police officers were also killed.” This is in stark contrast to the rapid response of Brazilian police to every claim made by gringos, even the vapid eterno-bros from El Norte. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">Add to these observations the continued <a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/08/building-barra-rio-olympics-brazil/493697/">transfer of public assets</a> to private hands in Barra da Tijuca, the news that the rabidly machista CBF is considering a <a href="http://globoesporte.globo.com/blogs/especial-blog/bastidores-fc/post/cupula-da-cbf-discute-extincao-de-selecao-permanente-de-futebol-feminino.html?utm_source=Facebook&utm_medium=Social&utm_content=Esporte&utm_campaign=globoesportecom">total elimination of the women’s national team</a>, Neymar’s hypocritical 100% Jesus (0% bom senso) headband which cut off the slow trickle of blood to his head, Paes equally tight malandro chapeu during the closing ceremonies, the constant sight of the Brazilian military raising flags and marching off in lockstep when the same forces do the same thing with the Brazilian flag in “pacified” favelas, the non-transparency of the Rio 2016 organizing committee that <a href="http://olimpiadas.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2016/08/22/rio-2016-gasta-r-200-milhoes-em-vila-inacabada-e-tenta-reduzir-custo.htm">spent more than R$200 million</a> renting and repairing Ilha Pura but won’t fund a centavo of the Paralympics, Nuzman <a href="http://olimpiadas.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2016/08/21/nuzman-comete-nova-gafe-em-discurso-e-pinta-brasil-de-vermelho-e-amarelo.htm">declaring that yellow is the new red</a>, and Bach saying so long thanks for all the billions, see you in Tokyo…among all this there is the programmed decline of Oligarchic infrastructure, <a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/mariana-cavalcanti/rio-s-olympic-ruins">expertly identified by Mariana Calvacante</a>: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Summer Olympics, like other mega-events and massive redevelopment schemes necessarily entail the production of ruins. Two types of ruin are usually related to Olympic games or large urban development projects: the first refers to the ruins of the city before the Olympics, and they take the shape of demolitions, that in turn usually entail evictions. These are the ruins of “creative destruction” that draw attention to the sudden erasure of recent pasts, and they lend themselves both to nostalgic and critical discourses. These ruins come before the Games, and their remains are to be erased by the Games, in exchange for the promise of “legacies” that vary from city to city.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">The very prematurity of these ruins renders legible the predicaments of the project of Rio as an Olympic city. Their particular temporal structure bespeaks of a process of decline before reaching its own projected or imagined peak. Instead of a future that becomes outmoded over time, the material decay and constitutive unfinishedness of Rio’s Olympic structures reveal the monumental and in the end unachievable scales of Olympic planning in Rio de Janeiro.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">More to come as there are ever more bits of the Olympic puzzle to be put back into the box, shaken up, and reconfigured as a more just and livable city. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-90254683079493997692016-08-15T15:44:00.002-03:002019-01-21T20:01:00.661-02:00Piles of Olympic bullshit<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">This morning, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Roger Cohen of <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/16/opinion/brazils-uplifting-olympics.html">the New York Times wrote</a> “These Olympics are good for Brazil and good for humanity, a needed tonic. Watch Usain Bolt or Simone Biles and feel uplifted.” This may be true for him, but for anyone with a minimally critical perspective on what has happened in Rio over the last decade of mega-event hosting, this is unadulterated bullshit. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When I say bullshit, I mean bullshit as a rhetorical category as defined by Henry Frankfurt in his seminal essay <a href="http://www.stoa.org.uk/topics/bullshit/pdf/on-bullshit.pdf">“On Bullshit”.</a>* <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bullshit, according to Frankfurt, is a deliberate misrepresentation of the facts that falls just short of lying. And while it may be true that watching athletes perform on the global stage can give the sofa-bound Cohen an uplift in difficult times (especially for USAmericans watching their “democracy” unravel), Rio 2016 is so full of institutionalized violence, violations of human rights, transfer of public lands and finances to private companies, bullet filled black bodies, and corruption scandals of Herculean proportions that Cohen’s “uplift” stinks from 5,000 km away. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">Cohen’s saccharine apology for transferring billions of public funds into private hands to give him a happiness bump is one of the well-established methods of dropping a load of bullshit on the growing Olympic pile. To Cohen’s deliberate misrepresentations of reality I would add the following gems from Tania Braga, the head of sustainability of Rio 2016, who dropped a load at a recent conference called Mega-Sustainability:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">“Rio 2016 is contributing to global sustainability by undertaking a carbon mitigation program that invests in the reforestation of cattle farms in Mato Grosso, offsetting spectator emissions, participating in a stray dog and cat program and promoting tourism in favelas.” While she might not have been lying, the idea that carbon offsets in Mato Grosso can in any way compensate for the internal combustion of Rio 2016 is risible. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Another rounded stone within Braga’s remarks was revelation that Golf Digest magazine awarded the Rio 2016 Golf course with a sustainability medal of some kind. How is it possible, in any sober consideration of the word, that a golf course in a wetland that removed an environmentally protected area and will host 20+ residential buildings where every apartment will have 2-3 cars could possibly be environmentally sustainable? Ditto with the LEED classification for the massively expensive Museu da Amanh</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">ã, the same classification given to the Mané Garrincha Elefante Branco in Brasília. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Obviously, it’s bullshit. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">The examples of Olympic bullshit are legion, creating a rich loam with which future events will be fertilized. Here’s an example of bullshit from LA 2024:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">Chief Strategy Officer & newly elected IOC Athletes' Commission Chair <a href="https://twitter.com/AngelaRuggiero">@AngelaRuggiero</a> on the vision of <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/LA2024?src=hash">#LA2024</a>! <a href="https://t.co/avZjFMoMHp">pic.twitter.com/avZjFMoMHp</a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">— LA 2024 (@LA2024) <a href="https://twitter.com/LA2024/status/763002628330717184">August 9, 2016</a></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: large;"><script async="" charset="utf-8" src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">Yet within the lava-like flows of bullshit are some shiny truth gems, bits of undigested roughage that we can shine up and hang around our necks as b.s. bling. For instance, in response to the empty arenas of Rio 2016, the organizing committee <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/04/over-200000-tickets-to-be-given-away-in-bid-to-fill-olympic-venues-in-rio">said that they had met their financial goals</a> and would “teach underprivileged children Olympic Values” by giving tickets away. That is to say, Rio’s children will learn that a multi-billion dollar international corporation will only give away tickets to an event from which they have been structurally excluded (and that their parents have financed through taxes), after the organizing committee’s self-imposed financial targets have been met and they need to recuperate some of the symbolic capital of the Games by having young black and brown faces in the stands. This isn’t bullshit, it’s truthiness. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">And when the diving pool at the Maria Lenk swimming center turned green, the Rio 2016 response was that “Chemistry is not an exact science.” Indeed. The robbery of USAmerican swimmers gets more media attention than the death of kids and cops in Rio’s favelas, Guanabara Bay is more, not less, polluted every day, and just because there hasn’t been a full scale disaster we can wait for the Lords of the Pile to declare Rio 2016 a commercial, social, political, and environmental success. And among all this flying bullshit, the IOC won’t step in to finance the Paralympic Games as their members each pull down $900 a day, enough to fly all the Paralympians to Rio. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">And more bullshit is yet to come, with retrospective films, sports business conferences, disappearing legacy promises, and a looming spectre of urban and social unraveling after the bullshit gets flushed, untreated into the South Atlantic. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">* Thaddeus Blanchette and Ana Paula da Silva employed the concept of bullshit to very good effect by in an article entitled “<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10624-012-9268-8">On bullshit and the trafficking of women: moral entrepreneurs and the invention of trafficking of persons in Brazil</a>.” Dialectical Anthropology 2012 36(1): 107-125. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-53737594714249699072016-08-11T12:01:00.000-03:002016-08-11T12:03:33.699-03:00Mais que ridiculo<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAYHWL2IIBfERpvBM5GGMInoOl6h-2Fgy8TJYyOySOx5wNM0iVC_W8tXm05J6TdkdE99WDzLDJR1BuaKbX4OFo5wwsjYMRt2PWPidaajAFNzhxu2k3Yly_lkENkUt3eIzoZK9f3T0i3JZs/s1600/maisquemusa3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAYHWL2IIBfERpvBM5GGMInoOl6h-2Fgy8TJYyOySOx5wNM0iVC_W8tXm05J6TdkdE99WDzLDJR1BuaKbX4OFo5wwsjYMRt2PWPidaajAFNzhxu2k3Yly_lkENkUt3eIzoZK9f3T0i3JZs/s200/maisquemusa3.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">One of the more refreshing elements of living outside of
Brazil is avoiding much of the crushing sexism that pervades public and private
discourse. The Olympic examples of sexism (classism and racism) are too numerous
to count, but it should come as no surprise to anyone that the president of
FIVB, the International Volleyball Federation, is a Brazilian. FIVB sets the
dress code for beach volleyball players: men in shorts and shirts, women in bikinis.
True to the tastes and practices of a Brazilian sports honcho, <a href="http://volleyballsource.net/news/2014/12/13/fivb-president-is-corrupt-and-needs-to-resign">lingering
corruption charges</a> against Ary (des) Gra<span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">ça </span>won’t surprise either. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrKTkvIfO2Tk8JAD29YW43tHIhtiqBkrG0JqqpXDRRxOWBdXz-9Bgk3Pshc2CB8RpmnPZiwGVdhUhyywS9jHFX8ZbMPGMK7K_TTxrNzwxA75iJBG1VZTKdP7c39P9MJifiU4D_7MH5gCl-/s1600/maisquemusa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrKTkvIfO2Tk8JAD29YW43tHIhtiqBkrG0JqqpXDRRxOWBdXz-9Bgk3Pshc2CB8RpmnPZiwGVdhUhyywS9jHFX8ZbMPGMK7K_TTxrNzwxA75iJBG1VZTKdP7c39P9MJifiU4D_7MH5gCl-/s200/maisquemusa.jpg" width="200" /></a><o:p><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Sadly, in their attempt to convince Brazilians to think of
female athletes as something other than eye-candy in HD, Rio 2016 marketers
have reinforced all of the stereotypes that they probably tried to overcome but
were hamstrung by their lack of exposure to non-sexist paradigms. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoiNQ8SKGLGRhXazUVGkdMzRlxysi4fq3T8oIYbpsf-kuwx4vE8wugg6cCAVzfjjs-4kcutd5Ro_AvyWo9h-7UgEmTudbP20ZYJ9tdtlC_79OhhYCLEp9XkQ-XOJTi34c-D23lhYtjUs-H/s1600/maisquemusas4.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoiNQ8SKGLGRhXazUVGkdMzRlxysi4fq3T8oIYbpsf-kuwx4vE8wugg6cCAVzfjjs-4kcutd5Ro_AvyWo9h-7UgEmTudbP20ZYJ9tdtlC_79OhhYCLEp9XkQ-XOJTi34c-D23lhYtjUs-H/s200/maisquemusas4.jpeg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The campaign, called #maisquemusas shows Brazilian female
athletes in non-sexualized poses in the midst of competition. The text explains
the athletic accomplishments of the women, presenting some of them to the
Brazilian public for the first time. However, the problem lies in the hashtag. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxfEotQhemoFWH60kNfydSOSTbbpnm9ZYsVO_dMCSRcWb81tts0Q_FrRg_52bQdBrnhiya4LG3n-QjR-JYdbtjV6YLnC3qTV079XCe-NVWJCp9An-cWGb6iWCiN3w7Hs_7bsUxqzJkWoH2/s1600/maisquemusasa+2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxfEotQhemoFWH60kNfydSOSTbbpnm9ZYsVO_dMCSRcWb81tts0Q_FrRg_52bQdBrnhiya4LG3n-QjR-JYdbtjV6YLnC3qTV079XCe-NVWJCp9An-cWGb6iWCiN3w7Hs_7bsUxqzJkWoH2/s1600/maisquemusasa+2.jpeg" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">#maisquemusas means “more than a beauty” or “more than
some hot woman that inspires you”, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">musa </i>being
the Brazilian term for muse. This hashtag does not pretend to eliminate or
reduce the sexualization of Brazil’s female athletes, but suggests that they <i>are</i> “musas” but <i>also</i> world-class athletes. The reality of this particularly limited
and entrenched vision is that women in the public sphere are not just people,
sports women, Brazilians, or citizens – they also stimulate male desire by
being <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">musas</i>. This term musa is applied in <a href="http://www.musadastorcidas.com/">quite sickening ways</a> in Brazil’s
hyper-machista football culture and I doubt there is a campaign waiting
that will label Giselle Bundchen as #somusa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz75PlxyJvj6pxUtA0-D3PhHaJ6fX1GOVwAdxZsRg5nWCBt74bSnDhiiN-msOKdu3Kj-RQRBo5utrEW1FF8AKY3ZAp_G8x_h1h0YxX-4iMu5tiu4pvNn30NYYhyphenhyphenD9ftqHJjV_aYP4Kz_Ax/s1600/maisquemusas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz75PlxyJvj6pxUtA0-D3PhHaJ6fX1GOVwAdxZsRg5nWCBt74bSnDhiiN-msOKdu3Kj-RQRBo5utrEW1FF8AKY3ZAp_G8x_h1h0YxX-4iMu5tiu4pvNn30NYYhyphenhyphenD9ftqHJjV_aYP4Kz_Ax/s320/maisquemusas.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This was one creative reaction to the failed attempt of Rio 2016 to address the engorged veins of rampant sexism that run through the Olympic Movement. Let's hope that this one gains some traction in the Brazilian subconscious. </span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-13302495206121021442016-08-10T20:10:00.002-03:002016-08-10T20:11:29.225-03:00Burstin' Bubbles<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">And even if it weren't to have eventually been proven beyond a reasonable doubt to be bullets, is anyone going to say that these holes ripped through the front glass of the Super Via trains weren't made by Angry Birds? The beak marks are clearly identifiable and there were some red feathers on the track. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">As we're twittering away about the Games, the situation in the Complexo do Alemão remains tense and unresolved with police operations continuing <a href="http://www.vozdascomunidades.com.br/casos-de-policia/agosto-tenso-comeca-com-cinco-baleados-em-menos-de-duas-semanas-no-alemao/" target="_blank">through last week with several deaths</a>. Inevitably, there are a number of ignorant, voyeuristic parachuters who come to events and think that because they didn't get mugged, killed, raped, or stabbed (in that order), then security in Rio is just fine. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">I have a glass of delicious spring water from the Lagoa da Tijuca that will slake your thirst for knowledge. </span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-62269063992943715782016-08-05T10:52:00.000-03:002016-08-06T13:27:27.629-03:00End Games<span style="font-size: large;">Yet again, the oba oba around the Olympic Torch resulted in it being extinguished, robbed, and harassed. This is perfect metaphor for what the Games themselves have done to the city with the mayor suggesting that Cariocas stay at home so as not to get in the way of the IOC, tourists, and the military. The city feels as if it has undergone a military coup and the government has upped their estimates of security forces at Rio 2016 to 100,000. Gente, the USA invaded Iraq with 150,000, precisa de tudo isso?</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-size: large;">The Games are over. They have no credible leadership, the competitions themselves are not between human competitors on a level playing field, but between cyborgs sent out by nation-states to wage proxy wars through their bodies. The business interests behind the spectacle are more rapaciously evident than ever, and the façades of sustainability have melted into the fetid lagoons of Barra da Tijuca. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-size: large;">One month from now, this may be known as the "I told you so" Games. The city has said that it doesn't have money to finance the Paralympics, which is the only shred of decency left in this spectacular failure of a global party. The IOC has constantly rejected all calls to put the Paralympics before the Olympics, a position that is consistent with its cloistered, and tone deaf politics. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-size: large;">The ongoing military operations in the city are primarily directed against favelas and the black, brown, and poor of the city have been excluded from this five ring party from the beginning. This is nothing new to the Games as this also happened in London, Sochi, Vancouver, Atlanta, and Beijing, but in Rio, a city defined by a lack of access to the basic rights of housing, air, water, sewage, safety, recreation, transportation, etc. the Games have doubled down on repression, despite the flowery rabbit-out-of-the-hat legacy tricks of paid consultants and other institutional puxa-sacos. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-size: large;">This blog has been categorizing the abuses and insanities of this mega-event decade for a very long time. Back in 2010, <a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/377416" target="_blank">I wrote</a>:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span> <span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: 13px;">the Olympics become a mechanism for transforming the space of the city while at the same time acting as a platform to project those transformations to the international community. The public investiture in mega-events is intended, on one hand, to provide world class facilities that cater to an international tourist class. On the other hand, it is a mechanism for accelerated infrastructural development wrapped in the politically neutral and universalistic discourses of sport. The transformations that mega-events wreak are permanent, impose temporary forms of governance that elide democratic institutions, install new and enduring surveillance and disciplinary mechanisms, while both creating and exacerbating unequal geographies of power within the city at large. This process will most likely mirror the urban reforms undertaken at the beginning of the 20th Century which "…never resolved the issue of social control entirely; instead, they merely introduced a new set of antagonisms and changed the contours of the struggle between those who were benefiting from the new Rio and those who were not" (</span><a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/377416#b18" name="b18-text" style="background-color: white; color: #004a75; font-family: Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19.5px; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 13px;">Meade 1997: 122</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: 13px;">)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-size: large;">Sadly, this has played out even more poorly than I could have imagined. As the major global television networks turn to the geopornography of Rio's natural landscape to stuff their viewers with eye-candy and human interest stories, those very journalists who are parachuting in here on a fun junket are contributing to the problem that these events generate. NBC has reported record profits because viewers are interested in the problems of Rio, but without that network, the IOC would whither on the vine. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-size: large;">These are, truly, the Exclusion Games, and this business model must end before it can carry on with its scorched earth policy, heralded by an Olympic Torch ritual invented by Nazis. </span><br />
<br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-74383254588060721542016-08-01T17:52:00.000-03:002016-08-01T17:52:06.868-03:00What kind of New World For Whom?<span style="font-size: large;">"A New World" is the slogan that is slathered on the signs that litter Rio de Janeiro Olimpico. Similar to FIFA's disheartening "All in One Rhythm" slogan from Brazil 2014, the mega-marketing gurus have again led us directly into their Pokemon-addled brains. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">If FIFA's World Cup reduces all football cultures, musical styles, and dance steps into One Rhythm of rapacious consumption, then Rio 2016's "New World" brings to mind the crushing violence of European colonialism, extractive commodity markets, and utopian landscapes. As was the case 500 years ago, A New World is a belief system that rebrands the act of violent dispossession as "discovery". By putting this saying across the Olympic landscape (indeed defining the boundaries of the New World), another round of extraction is signalled, with local collaborators taking their share of the spoils. The first Games in the New World/South America are another "opportunity" to expand markets, to convert the natives, and to capture gold. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Such is the extent of Olympic utopianism that the Athlete's Village is called Pure Island, a refuge from the impure urban sea, where the human flotsam of colonialism, slavery, and structural injustice inconveniently reside. The Mayor squawks about all of the transformations that Rio has gone through in order to make itself Olympic. The New World of Rio 2016 is crowded with BRTs, VLT, a Museum of Tomorrow, Nomadic Architecture, Smart City technology, PPPs, business hubs, etc, while the Old World of non-Olympic Rio continues as before: unclean, unseen, and uncared for. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
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<br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-65219030627324713022016-07-21T17:28:00.000-03:002016-07-21T17:28:10.479-03:00Cidade complicada, cheia de troços mil<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;">After nearly three weeks back in
Rio, much appears to have changed, but the extremely complicated and
contradictory reality remains the same. I have been charmed, yet again, by the
exuberant natural setting, the easy socialbility of Cariocas, and the
infinitude of problems that scream out for direct action. I continue to be
amazed by the breadth, depth, and expense of the mega-events in a city that has
not managed to provide the basics for the majority of its citizens. The news
cycle when read from abroad is more depressing than the lived experience of the
city, principally because there is none of the context of daily interactions, a
bowl of açaí, or random outbursts of evangelical sabma on the streets of
Copacabana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: Times; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">This last sentence, of course, applies to those who can afford to
construct their life-bubbles in places like Jardim Botanico, Urca, and Ipanema.
For the majority of Rio’s population that live in favelas, the Baixada
Fluminense and the Zona Oeste, the daily reality of crushing urbanism, </span><span style="font-family: Times;">banal violence, toxic food supplies, crumbling
schools and hospitals, and mind-numbing traffic does away with the romanticized
geoporn that is the core of the city`s well-oiled marketing machine. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">In a recent trip to the Zona
Oeste on the SuperVia train (run by Odebrecht), I was surprised that it wasn’t
as bad as I thought it would be. Of course, this was off-peak, on a stretch of
track that has to look good for the Games. The train system as a whole carries
far fewer people than it did 40 years ago and received over the last ten years only
about double the investment for its 270km of track that was put into the 23km
VLT in the center of the city. This kind of disproportional investment has
exacerbated uneven development and defines Rio’s urban planning regime for the Olympics.
It also speaks to the reality of low expectations – why shouldn’t Rio have a
decent train with all of the money that flowed into the city and state in the
ten years preceding the World Cup and Olympics? The perverse priorities of entrenched
elites joined forces with the Olympic shibboleth to torque urban planning
agendas in a summarily retrograde way. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">This is not so different
from other Olympics and forms a core element of a global business model that
uses cities as platforms to extract monopoly rents. The development of elite
sporting facilities is by nature exclusionary and the suite of privileges that
the IOC and FIFA demand of their hosts reinforce this outcome. There is never a
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Zone of Inclusion </i>around venues, only
Exclusion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The launching of a series of
talks and activities called <a href="https://www.facebook.com/jogosdaexclusao/">Rio
2016: The Exclusion Games</a> will express the real politick of the Games from
the perspective of those who have been most negatively impacted by their
implementation in a radically unequal city whose elites have pursued a decade
of sports mega-events to consolidate the status quo ante. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">Of course, now that the
public calamity has been declared, the expectations for post-Games Rio will be
lower than ever. Without the cloying narratives of hosting the global spectacle
to drive urban investment and development, the difficult task will be to make
the Olympic-related infrastructure serve the needs of Cariocas (and those who
don’t live in Rio proper). This will be an increasingly difficult task as
finances dry up and maintenance costs for hi-tech flights of Calatravan fancy
spiral upwards. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: large;">The mayor has called the
Olympics a missed opportunity, the same thing that everyone said about the
World Cup and the Pan American Games. Most people agree with that assessment,
but who is responsible for the failure? </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-18230444143644721362016-07-15T14:08:00.000-03:002016-07-15T14:08:07.185-03:00Olimpíada Rio 2016: para o benefício de quem?<div class="p1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span class="s1" style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://observatoriodasmetropoles.net/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1646%3Aolimp%C3%ADada-rio-2016-para-o-benef%C3%ADcio-de-quem%3F&Itemid=171" target="_blank">ENTREVISTA CHRISTOPHER GAFFNEY,</a> with Breno Procopio</strong></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Você tem apontado que os megaeventos esportivos transformaram-se em um novo modelo de negócio na era global. Como ocorre esse processo?</strong></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">C.G.</strong> Pensando os megaventos esportivos como negócio faz toda uma diferença em termos de análise. Normalmente, pensamos os Jogos Olímpicos, por exemplo, como recordes, esporte de auto rendimento, dopings e outras questões; ou seja, um esporte despolitizado. Mas quando pensamos o megaevento no seu viés político e nos perguntamos por que é importante para um país ou cidade atrair esse tipo de evento? Ou quais coalizões de políticos e capitais locais se arregimentam para atrair o megaevento esportivo? Vemos que há muitos outros interesses por trás. Vemos que há o interesse pelo poder — de capital político para exercer influência local; mas também há um processo de acumulação econômica de recursos local e globalmente, o que é fundamental para a manutenção de eventos como a Copa do Mundo e os Jogos Olímpicos.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Para acumular é necessário ter um mecanismo de acumulação; um padrão de acumulação que deve estar atrelado ao padrão de política econômica global. Então, vendo o mesmo tipo de resultado em todas as cidades que receberam megaeventos esportivos, como Londres, Vancouver, Seul, Atena, Atlanta; e isso desde a década de 1980. Ou seja, podemos dizer que os Jogos Olímpicos em particular — e também a Copa do Mundo de uma outra forma — representam um modelo de <em style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">business globalizado</em>.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Você fala que esse modelo de negócio global ocorre a partir de mecanismos como fluxo, circulação e acumulação. Como isso se dá?</strong></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">C.G.</strong> Para estimulara acumulação de poder e de dinheiro, é necessário estimular a geração de novos fluxos para uma cidade ou local. Quer dizer, colocar no mapa global uma cidade é fazer com que os fluxos internacionais financeiros conheçam aquela cidade, entendam seu funcionamento e saibam que terão portas abertas para negócios. Esse processo atrai investimentos e mais fluxo de dinheiro para determinado local - turismo, eventos, negócios e empresas, e por aí vai. Logo, quando uma cidade se candidata para receber os Jogos Olímpicos isso funciona com um sinal de aviso internacional: estamos aqui abertos para negócios, ou seja, a cidade está a venda, seu solo, seus espaços estão à venda ou podem ser alugados. Nesse sentido, os cidadãos também estão à venda, também participam desse processo.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Esse sinal tem várias direções, é um marco para os fluxos financeiros internacionais, como também para os capitais regionais e locais interessados em participar do negócio. Em seguida, quando a cidade é escolhida para sediar os jogos — como aconteceu com o Rio de Janeiro em 2009 — ocorre um aumento do fluxo financeiro, que vem de todas as direções interessados em realizar mais negócios. Porém, para que esses fluxos virem acumulação e, em decorrência, poder, é necessário colocar esses fluxos em um circuito de circulação, seja através de informação em redes de fibra óptica, centros de mídia internacional e/ou grandes estádios capazes de receber os turistas endinheirados do mundo. Outro exemplo de circuitos de circulação são novos sistemas de transporte que reafirmam ou apontam novas centralidades econômicas e políticas no território. Então, esse processo de remanejar o sistema de circulação de uma cidade gera implicações na sua economia política, na forma de acumulação da sua população.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Essa é uma questão central no Rio de Janeiro, já que todo o transporte público é privatizado — está nas mãos de empresas privadas. E é notório os casos de corrupção e máfia das empresas de ônibus, os processos licitatórios não transparentes como o caso da Linha 4 do metrô.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Esse triângulo — que em certo sentido é lefebvriano e dialético — mostra que no centro está o poder. O passo seguinte é estimular os fluxos e, em seguida, direcional os circuitos de circulação para locais já dimensionados com o arranjo da economia local já preexistente. Ou seja, a coalizão é feita para que os meus ganhadores continuem ganhando. Nesse sentido, os atores locais podem acumular mais e exercer poder no território para gerar mais fluxos, e circulação e acumulação.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Podemos dizer que conceitos como <em style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">global city </em>e cidades criativas, usados pelo Rio de Janeiro para se vender para o mundo ao longo dos últimos anos, fazem parte dessa estratégia de atração de fluxos para a geração de negócios globais?</strong></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">C.G.</strong> O Governo do Rio de Janeiro falava que a cidade era a capital de investimentos no Brasil, ou seja, queria dizer que o Rio era o estado mais inserido nos fluxos globais de capital. Nesse sentido, cidade global significa que é a cidade mais conectada com esses fluxos, mais aberta para circulação e acumulação de capital tanto para o investidor estrangeiro como para o local.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">No contexto local, por exemplo, o objetivo é ampliar novas formas de acumulação de capital pelo estímulo de circulação de fluxos. Nesse caso podemos pensar as UPPs como a entrada do Estado na favela e a possibilidade também do capital nacional entrar nesses territórios, e, é claro, dos turistas. As UPPs derrubaram as barreiras físicas dessas favelas onde o Estado não entrava, e onde o capital também não. Quem dominava os fluxos e a circulação nas favelas era o traficante ou, nos últimos tempos, as milícias. A UPP representou também essa abertura. É claro que na proposta inicial o Estado iria oferecer serviços sociais, mas isso parece que não aconteceu de fato.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Os megaeventos esportivos nem sempre representaram um modelo de negócio global, não é? Como foi a transição para essa modelo? Barcelona 1992 é um marco neste novo processo global de fluxos de acumulação?</strong></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">C.G.</strong> Acho que esse processo acontece um pouco antes. Em 1976 em Montreal, por exemplo, ocorreu o endividamento total da cidade, com dívida a ser paga nos próximos 30 anos. Daí ninguém no Canadá quis saber mais daquele modelo de evento esportivo. Nos jogos de 1984 só tinha uma candidata que era Los Angeles; mas é claro que a cidade norte-americana podia dizer ao COI o modo como ia realizar o megaevento. Daí, os jogos de Los Angeles foram os mais comercializados/mercantilizados na história dos jogos. Já em 1988 nos jogos de Seul, foram removidas cerca de 200 mil pessoas de suas casas, e as manifestações de estudantes pelo direitos foram reprimidas duramente. Aquele período marca a saída da Coreia do Sul da ditadura, então os jogos olímpicos de 1988 foram utilizados como propaganda das empresas coreanas para o resto do mundo — Hyundai, entre outras marcas — foi o nascimento do tigre asiático nessa época.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Em 1992 já temos o fim da Guerra Fria. É uma nova época com a experimentação de novos modelos, e a intensificação do processo de globalização, ou seja, não havia mais a luta do capitalismo contra o comunismo. Então, vemos a Espanha e Barcelona se inserindo em uma nova rota do turismo internacional, com a explosão dos novos meios de comunicação. Podemos dizer que Barcelona se tornou o novo modelo de negócio nesse momento da globalização internacional.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">E o Rio de Janeiro já está interessado nesse modelo desde a década de 1990. Após os Jogos Olímpicos de Barcelona, o prefeito da época, César Maia, contratou os catalães para a construção de um novo plano estratégico para a cidade. Quer dizer, o Rio está buscando este modelo de circuito financeiro e turístico global há mais de 25 anos. Quando os políticos cariocas dizem que é a capital do investimento, significa que a cidade está aberta aos fluxos financeiros internacionais. É um modelo de coalizão local para a geração de fluxo e acumulação. A questão é que são poucos os ganhadores.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Quando o Rio de Janeiro foi escolhido em 2009 para ser sede dos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016, os atores políticos e a grande imprensa comemoraram a escolha como a possibilidade de retomada da cidade; e, sobretudo, de construção de um legado olímpico para a sua população. Nas vésperas de começar os jogos, o carioca pode comemorar esse legado?</strong></span></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px none; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">C.G.</strong><span style="border: 0px none; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Primeiro temos que recuperar o significado de legado, que pode ser tanto positivo quanto negativo. É óbvio que os legados para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro são negativos ao extremo: endividamento do Estado e da Cidade; falência do sistema de educação e saúde; trânsito pior do que nunca etc. E são vários os culpados nesse processo. Embora possamos notar no caso dos megaeventos esportivos o chamado “vácuo de responsabilidade”. Ou seja, o COI pode dizer que a cidade é responsável pela infraestrutura; e a cidade dizer que o COI demanda certa coisas. Na Copa do Mundo de 2014 foi a mesma coisa — governo federal, governo estadual, cidade-sede ou FIFA ninguém era responsável por nada, ninguém queria assumir a culpa. É o famoso jogo de empurra. E o resultado são vários “elefantes brancos” andando pelo país todo.</span><span style="border: 0px none; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sobre a questão do legado, vemos que para o carioca o que fica é negativo. O cidadão tem menos opção de transporte; ou tem opções afuniladas para determinados locais — como a Barra da Tijuca; e/ou superlotados — temos várias reportagens mostrando a superlotação das linhas de BRTs e os problemas frequentes. A cidade tem agora também uma polícia mais militarizada e equipada, e menos treinada. Podemos ter o contexto no qual um novo policial vende seu armamento no mercado negro — e ganha muito mais do que o seu salário. Isso pode ocorrer. Isso ocorre no Rio.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ou seja, todo o contexto de discurso positivo de legado para a cidade e sua população foi agora perdido. Não pode ser provado e tampouco experimentado. Não é a cidade do dia a dia.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">E podemos ver o poder público dizer que, por exemplo, o Parque de Madureira é um legado, já que não teria sido feito sem o contexto dos megaeventos. Mas por que não? Quer dizer, cada coisa que a Prefeitura do Rio fez nos últimos 8 anos vai dizer que foi por causa dos Jogos Olímpicos, que é resultado dos jogos. Mas isso é uma maquiagem discursiva. Ainda mais se notarmos que tudo que dá errado na cidade o prefeito Eduardo Paes diz que é culpa do Estado do Rio ou do Governo Federal, sempre joga a culpa pra longe dele.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Enfim, é um discurso que devia ter sido desconstruído na época da candidatura e/ou indicação do Rio para ser sede dos jogos. Por isso, acho que o debate deve ser politizado ou polemizado, já que os Jogos Olímpicos 2016 devem ser vistos sim não como uma oportunidade de retomada da cidade ou de construção de legado, mas (uma análise mais realista) como um modelo de negócio local e global, uma grande oportunidade sim de consolidar o poder da elite carioca pelos próximos 50 anos.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Muito dinheiro foi roubado, desviado ou mal aplicado nesse processo. E ainda assim a elite econômica carioca conseguiu remanejar e deslocar os circuitos de circulação, impedindo que as pessoas possam circular facilmente pela cidade para perseguir as suas possibilidades de acumulação. E os meios de circulação na cidade, de dinheiro, informação e mobilidade estão nas mãos privadas de sempre. Então a consolidação desse poder da elite local sobre os circuitos de circulação vai refletir nos processos de acumulação da cidade pelos próximos 50 anos.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">É por isso que podemos perguntar: Jogos Olímpicos 2016 — para o benefício de quem?</strong></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">C.G.</strong> Acho importante perguntar para quem, onde, como e por quanto tempo. É lógico que podemos apontar questões graves como a as remoções de milhares de pessoas; a revitalização da região portuária que vai beneficiar a especulação imobiliária e os grandes negócios, enquanto promove um processo de<em style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> gentrificação</em>e expulsão da população local; a construção da Linha 4 do metrô, que está custando bilhões de reais e foi criticada por muitos engenheiros e especialistas na área; a falta de transparência nos contratos públicos para as obras estruturais — o que faz reafirmar a suspeita de casos de influência e corrupção. A Operação Lava Jato, por exemplo, já está mostrando que as grandes empreiteiras envolvidas com as obras do projeto Porto Maravilha estão imersas em casos de corrupção com a elite política do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img border="0" height="338" src="http://viatrolebus.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/l4-2-848x500.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); height: auto; margin: 4px; max-width: 610px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px;" width="600" /></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><em style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Obras da Linha 4 do Metrô Rio na Barra da Tijuca (Crédito: Vitrolebus/Reprodução)</em></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><em style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></em></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">O processo todo mostra, acima de tudo, que quem se beneficiou com os Jogos Olímpicos no Rio é quem já estava na posição de se beneficiar antes. A coalizão nacional formada para a realização dos jogos teve como objetivo, desde o início, captar os recursos públicos para acumulação privada. Enfim, é um jogo de cartas marcadas — e a população está excluída dele.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">E, infelizmente, podemos dizer que o Rio de Janeiro vai demorar a ter um contexto econômico tão favorável como foi na última década para receber tantos investimentos — decorrentes de fatores como petróleo, fluxos financeiros etc. Nesse sentido, o que foi feito em termos estruturais nos preparativos para os megaeventos esportivos é algo que seria aportado ao longo de 50 anos, ou seja, esses investimentos deveriam dar condições para a cidade pelas próximas décadas. E a questão estrutural é aquela que dá condições à população da cidade de buscar acumular de maneira mais igualitária. E isso não aconteceu no Rio.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">A Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro sempre faz propaganda da “revolução dos transportes” na cidade que tem ocorrido por conta dos investimentos dos megaeventos esportivos. Como você avalia essa questão?</strong></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">C.G.</strong> É uma revolução entre aspas. Pode-se dizer que é uma revolução revoltante. Só isso. O BRT, por exemplo, não é uma nova tecnologia - é algo já usado há tempos por outras cidades. Além disso, esse tipo de modal abre espaço para o carro, incentiva continuamente o uso do transporte individual, já que uma linha é exclusiva para o ônibus, logo ele se deslocará mais rápido; enquanto sobram duas ou três faixas para os carros. Quem está sendo estimulado nesse cálculo?</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Além disso, o BRT está sendo feito pelas mesmas empresas que já dominam o transporte de ônibus na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Ou seja, é manutenção de um mesmo sistema, com os mesmos donos e as mesmas regras. Além do mais, as linhas de BRTs vão todas em direção à Barra da Tijuca, isto é, é a construção de uma nova “centralidade”, ou de um polo econômico definido a partir de cima. As linhas de BRTs levam a população pobre para trabalhar na Barra da Tijuca - é isso que as linhas estão estimulando — de Santa Cruz para a Barra, da zona Norte para a Barra. A população se desloca em ônibus superlotados para fazer trabalhos de mão de obra e precarizados na Barra da Tijuca, como jardinheiro, cozinheiro, garçom, servente, faxineira etc.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Portanto, quando eu falo sobre a limitação das possibilidades de acumulação da população é bem representada por essa “revolução de transportes”. Áreas com trabalhos formais — como o Centro e a Zona Sul, e o interior da Zona Norte estão sendo menos estimulados pelos novos modais. O poder público define a área que a população deve chegar para trabalhar.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Além do mais, o sistema de transporte do Rio é muito falho. Os pontos de ônibus, por exemplo, não têm itinerário e mapas. Uma pessoa que não conhece a cidade, não consegue pegar um ônibus com facilidade. E houve ainda um remanejamento das linhas de ônibus. Com qual interesse? Racionalização das linhas de ônibus é uma maneira autoritária de remanejar as circulações na cidade. É uma forma de limitar as possibilidades de acumulação (busca por trabalho) e também de lazer. A população da zona Norte, por exemplo, está mais limitada para ir à praia na zona sul. E agora escutei que o Estado do Rio quer fazer cortes do bilhete único. Essa é a revolução que temos.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/f3/a9/64/f3a9648a86da2b56a6ec01155fe594f2.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); height: auto; margin: 4px; max-width: 610px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px;" width="600" /></span></div>
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<em style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ônibus do BRT superlotado</em></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Você monitorou durante os preparativos para a Copa do Mundo 2014 as obras e os incentivos ao esporte nas cidades-sedes brasileiras. O que você diz sobre o Rio Olímpico em tempos de estímulo ao esporte? O que a cidade do Rio fez em termos de investimento ao esporte? E o que a cidade deixará como legado esportivo para a sua população?</strong></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">C.G.</strong> Tem vários tipos de cidadãos no Rio de Janeiro. As pessoas que moram na Zona Norte não praticam esporte, porque não tem espaços para a prática — praças, quadras públicas etc. O cidadão que habita as áreas periféricas gasta ainda em média duas a três horas no ônibus para voltar para casa; quando chega já está esgotado e sem energia para o lazer e a prática esportiva.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">O chamado Rio esportivo e do lazer se concentra no Centro e orla da Zona Sul, até a Barra da Tijuca. Nessas regiões, as pessoas praticam esporte ao ar livre, fazem uso das quadras do Aterro do Flamengo e têm acesso a modalidades esportivas diversas. Nesse sentido, o acesso à prática do esporte no Rio de Janeiro é algo completamente desigual e segregado.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">E podemos dizer que nos últimos anos até piorou, já que os remanejamentos das linhas de ônibus e a piora do trânsito dificultou a chegada das pessoas à orla da zona sul e às praias. Ademais, vemos que há uma carência de equipamentos esportivos descentralizados — nos bairros da Zona Norte e Oeste, nas escolas etc.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">E há ainda a oferta desigual. No Rio existem 4 quadras públicas para a prática do tênis para 6 milhões de pessoas. E para os Jogos Olímpicos a Prefeitura construiu um Centro Internacional de Tênis, no valor de 200 milhões de reais, na Barra da Tijuca — local repleto de condomínios fechados que possuem suas quadras privativas de tênis. Então, é um modelo de oferta e acesso que se espalha no Rio de Janeiro e também no Brasil. Uma oferta para a prática do esporte que atende a quem já tem condições de acesso.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">É claro, que no contexto dos jogos, o Rio investiu no esporte de auto rendimento — que é um negócio internacional. Se o Brasil vai ganhar ou não ganhar medalhas isso não importa, já que o país não tem tradição nessas competições — e não tem tradição porque não tem investimento.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Outro debate importante é o que liga esporte-saúde, porque a cada um real investido em esporte, o poder público economiza três reais em saúde. É a oferta de lazer que gera saúde. E isso tem a ver com planejamento urbano e política pública. Acho que o Rio de Janeiro segue na contramão dessa noção, com uma política do espaço urbano extremamente mercantilizadora e de exploração do valor de uso.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Além disso, vejo uma certa perversidade em investimentos de bilhões e bilhões de reais em equipamentos esportivos de auto rendimento, enquanto o Maracanã, por exemplo, símbolo da cultura carioca perdeu suas características, foi transformado para atender um conceito internacional de cidade global para o consumo.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Você tem pesquisado e refletido sobre esse processo de gentrificação do esporte.</strong></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">C.G.</strong> Acho que o estádio de futebol, numa cultura como a brasileira, é um reflexo da cidade e de seu povo, socialmente e culturalmente. O Maracanã, antes da chegada do circuito de investimentos dos megaeventos esportivos, refletia muito bem a cidade do Rio de Janeiro e seu povo: era aberto, decadente, caindo aos pedaços, mas era vivo, diverso. Havia violência, mas também tinha uma cultura bastante particular, e era um lugar que dava o tom do funcionamento da cultura carioca. O Maracanã está localizado perto do centro, recebia pessoas de todas as áreas da cidade.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Porém, nos últimos 15 anos, a população foi expulsa de lá. O lugar foi transformado, gentrificado, para ser o símbolo de um novo Brasil que queria se expor ao mundo, apto a receber negócios e a ser global. O Maracanã foi privatizado uma vez; e agora deve ser privatizado de novo. Houve uma bagunça institucional envolvendo Estado e Prefeitura do Rio. O estádio foi usado com moeda política também. Enfim, o Maracanã foi útil para os políticos e fantástico para a elite carioca, que tem condições de pagar 100 reais para assistir a um jogo de futebol com 8 mil espectadores. Essa elite acha interessante essas condições, porque tem mais conforto e é apto às suas famílias. As classes alta e média cariocas gostam dessa ideia. Mas eles não são a maioria da população.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Pra finalizar a conversa, gostaria que você comentasse o papel de resistência dos movimentos populares no contexto dos megaeventos esportivos no Rio de Janeiro? Qual a relevância dessas ações?</strong></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">C.G.</strong> Se houve algo realmente positivo, nesses últimos 10 anos no Brasil e no Rio de Janeiro que marcam os preparativos para os megaeventos esportivos, acho que foram os movimentos de resistência. Especialmente os Comitês Populares e o Comitê Popular Rio Copa e Olimpíadas, e mais os outros movimentos, que resistiram e lutaram em defesa dos direitos humanos, do esporte mais democrático, da transparência do uso do dinheiro público. E esses movimentos lutaram contra forças enormes, governos, grandes empresas e corporações.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">E acho que um dos resultados dos movimentos de resistência foi mudar a opinião internacional sobre os megaeventos esportivos no Brasil. Vemos agora várias cidades ao redor do mundo e suas populações compreendendo o processo que se dá aqui; estrangeiros que estão acompanhando desde 2013 as lutas dos comitês populares e entendendo as graves violações de direitos que ocorreram aqui — como as remoções de milhares de pessoas de suas casas.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Parte da comunidade internacional está entendendo que a realização dos megaeventos esportivos sempre é à custa e nas costas das populações locais. A mensagem que a resistência brasileira passou foi essa. E vejo que a realização dos Jogos Olímpicos 2016 representou um momento central para a história dos movimentos de resistência brasileiro, movimentos da sociedade civil engajados no debate sobre o desenvolvimento social e pela democracia brasileira. A resistência aqui será levada como modelo para outros grupos nos próximos jogos.</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img border="0" height="370" src="http://www.cidadenova.org.br/media/filter/mediateca_8-SQR/img/55c499037faa21.10015970.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); height: auto; margin: 4px; max-width: 610px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px;" width="500" /></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><em style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ato do Comitê Popular Rio Copa e Olimpíadas</em></span></div>
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<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">O que o Rio vai deixar de olímpico para a sua população?</strong></span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px none; line-height: 18px !important; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">C.G.</strong> Olimpíadas sempre têm vencedores e perdedores. Nos jogos sempre são três vencedores em cada modalidade. No Rio de Janeiro sabemos exatamente quem são: os grandes empreiteiros de construção civil — parte deles envolvido com a Operação Lava Jato; a especulação imobiliária — que ganhou muito nos últimos anos; e a classe política e elite local — que conseguiu construir uma rede de poder que vai durar pelos próximos 50 anos. Nos jogos quem fica em quarto ou quinto lugar, não é lembrado. Não importa. O espírito olímpico é isso: vencedores e perdedores. E a população carioca faz parte dos que estão sendo esquecidos.</span></div>
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That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-10344310706349210562016-07-11T09:21:00.003-03:002016-07-11T09:35:21.286-03:00Flows, Circulations, Accumulations<span style="font-size: large;">Presentation from the World Planning Schools Conference, Rio de Janeiro. With many thanks to Theresa Williamson for filming.</span><br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zuPkNImz5Mw" width="560"></iframe><div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
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Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-42616723777172967362016-07-10T10:56:00.002-03:002016-07-11T09:35:05.223-03:00A fifteen minute dismanteling of mega-events<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Presenting at the University of Innsbruck Department of Geography. With many thanks to the staff and students for the warm welcome and for putting together the video. </span><br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/k3RRp-YQWB0?list=PLFWXLzezrn-cWmiGuz9b7BkqgDf9t5eED" width="560"></iframe><div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
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Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-46845438787553690062016-07-02T08:18:00.000-03:002016-07-02T08:18:37.272-03:00Transforming Rio – for the benefit of whom?<br />
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Published in the<a href="https://www.icsspe.org/bookshop/latest-publications/bulletin"> ICSSPE Bulletin number 70</a>. <br />
Introduction<br />
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One of the justifications deployed for hosting the Olympic Games is that they will offer transformational benefits for metropolitan areas. The extensive upgrades to physical infrastructures that accompany the colossal event are wrapped in the discursive framework of “legacy” – a word that carries positive connotations in social, economic, and physical realms. However, empirical evidence for lasting, positive effects of sport mega-events is sorely lacking (Bass, Pillay, & Tomlinson, 2009; Horne & Manzenreiter, 2006; Porter, Jaconelli, Cheyne, Eby, & Wagenaar, 2009). <br />
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This article will examine two major urban interventions that have been undertaken in Rio de Janeiro as the city has prepared for the 2016 Summer Olympics: the extension of the city´s metro and the privatisation of the port region. I will demonstrate that these “legacy” projects have not had positive effects for the city as a whole, but have rather decreased transparency in government, increased socio-economic inequalities, privatised public space, and torqued urban planning agendas to stimulate real-estate speculation and Games-related transportation agendas to the detriment of more equitable long-term planning. <br />
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Bait, Switch, Execute<br />
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In evaluating the projects undertaken, the proposed budgets, and eventual Olympic realities we must begin any investigation of Rio 2016 with the bid books that were presented to the IOC in 2009. Following the corruption scandals surrounding the Salt Lake City Olympic bid, IOC members were forbidden to conduct site visits prior to voting on Olympic candidacies. Thus, the only information that many of the voting members had about the Rio 2016 bid would have come from bid books and candidacy presentations at IOC meetings. While this shift in policy may have served to prevent a repeat of previous corruption scandals, the lack of real-time information about existing urban conditions may have been a contributing factor in the IOC´s decision to award the Games to Rio de Janeiro. The city is incredibly photogenic, but chronically dysfunctional. In order to understand the trajectory of the metro and port region projects, it is instructive to examine the contents of the Rio 2016 bid books for a number of reasons. <br />
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The first reason is to analyse the projects that the IOC has accepted as satisfactory for Games operations. While each edition of the Games has inevitable adjustments to major infrastructure projects, the general Games plan as outlined in the bid books can be considered a candidate city´s enticement to the IOC – what I am calling “the bait.” Bid books present an idealized Olympic City that will appeal to the aesthetic tastes, functional necessities, and discursive predilections of the IOC (Kassens-Noor, 2012).<br />
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A second reason to examine the bid books is to analyse the promised benefits to the resident population, or the “legacy” that public monies will deliver after the Games have gone. In this way we can hold the Games coalition accountable for the (non-binding) promises that they have made vis a vis the candidacy files and will be able to analyse more rigorously the eventual deliverables in terms of cost, functionality, opportunity cost, and public use value. <br />
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Third, by looking closely at the bid books, we can then compare the shifts in the Olympic project over time, uncovering these changes within a broader chronology of Games preparation. This is what I call “the switch”. <br />
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And finally, while the bid books do not indicate processes of planning, contracting, financing, and construction, by tracing the evolution of Olympic projects from their origins in the bid to their physical presence on the urban landscape, we can identify process of dislocation, corruption, legal exceptionality, and rule by decree. This is the “execute” phase, in which we have seen innumerable instances of human rights violations, police violence, and executive orders that have displaced tens of thousands from their homes in the name of Olympic preparedness (Comitê Popular da Copa e Olimpíadas do Rio de Janeiro, 2015). <br />
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The Rio 2016 Bid Book contained a transportation plan that was designed to link four Olympic clusters: Copacabana, Barra da Tijuca, Maracanã, and Deodoro. In the bid book, the plan was to extend Rio´s metro line to Gávea, just past the beachside neighborhoods of Ipanema and Leblon and then to build a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) line that would link Gávea to Alvorada station in Barra da Tijuca. <br />
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[map one here]<br />
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The second major intervention planned was to construct a BRT line (called the Corredor T-5) between Alvorada and Penha, in Rio´s Zona Norte. The final planned new roadway was labelled the BRT Ligação C, which would connect the Deodoro Olympic cluster with Barra da Tijuca. The remainder of the Olympic transportation would occur along existing roadways with so-called “Olympic lanes” forming a “high performance transport ring” around the city (Rio 2016, 2009). The Olympic transportation plan was building upon the system that had been put in place for the 2007 Pan American Games, which had linked four games clusters through dedicated traffic lanes taken out of circulation from the general public. On April 27, the Olympic operational plan declared 260km of Olympic lanes for exclusive use by the “Olympic family” [sic], security and emergency services. <br />
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The Port Region was mentioned only once in the Rio 2016 bid book, and there was no indication that the Olympics would have a significant presence there. <br />
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Not long after Rio had signed the hosting agreement with the IOC, all of these plans changed. No longer would the Metro extend to Gávea, but would only go as far as Jardim Oceânico at the extreme eastern end of Barra da Tijuca. All plans for concluding the previously planned extensions of the metro system were dropped. Additionally, the BRT line linking Alvorada and Penha was extended, at a cost of more than R$500 million, to connect with the Tom Jobim International Airport. The Transoeste and Transbrasil BRT lines were added to the Olympic transportation plan, key elements in the largest reorganization of transportation in the city´s history. <br />
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In addition to shifting the Olympic (and by association, metropolitan) transportation network, within weeks after winning the bid, Rio 2016 changed its overall Games proposal, asking the IOC that several sporting and housing venues be moved to the Port Region (Costa, 2010). <br />
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The IOC denied these requests, but the shift in public policy was made explicit when mayor Eduardo Paes decreed the entire Port Region (5 million square meters) an Area of Special Social Interest (Gusmão de Oliveira, 2015, pp. 224–226). This opened the way for one of the largest privatisation projects in the Americas, one from which some of Brazil´s largest civil construction firms would profit from the ceding of public territories, infrastructure development, and real-state speculation (Rolink, 2011).<br />
Metrô <br />
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One of the defining characteristics of Rio de Janeiro´s transportation system is that there are no conveyances that are operated by the city itself. Rather, each of the transport modalities (train, ferry, metro, highway, and bus) is operated through a long-term concession. INVEPAR has operated Metrô Rio since 2009 through the “Concessão Metroviária Rio”. As part of this concession, legalized in the same year as the Olympic decision, Metrô Rio (INVEPAR) had as a part of its contract the right of first refusal to build any future extensions to the metro lines under concession. <br />
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INVEPAR’s holding of the concession under these conditions was not unusual in the context of the city´s transportation structure, but their undue influence over decisions regarding the future of the city´s metro system would have significant consequences. <br />
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The decision to extend the metro to Barra da Tijuca was highly controversial, as many urban planners and engineers had long called for alternative metro lines that would more completely build a transportation network in a notoriously disconnected city. The originally planned Olympic extension of the metro to Gávea would have permitted the pursuit of these previous plans, allowing for an eventual linkage with metro stations that were built in the 1970s but never opened. The creation of a network instead of the extension of the one line would have contributed to the development of a more robust system. The argument of those who came out against the extension of Rio´s metro to Barra da Tijuca was that it would primarily benefit residents of the wealthy Zona Sul and Barra da Tijuca, and the Olympic project would delay the development of other, more necessary and previously planned lines by decades. <br />
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Several civil society movements and opposition politicians voiced their concerns about the Olympic transportation plan, but to no avail. As the metro is owned by the State of Rio, the decisions about contracts, concessions, and construction come from the governor´s office. The law firm of Coelho, Ancelmo, and Dourado represented INVEPAR in its dealings with the state. The wife of then-governor Sérgio Cabral, Adriana Ancelmo Cabral, was a principal figure in the negotiations (Junqueira, 2010). The extension of the metro to Barra da Tijuca as part of the Olympic transportation project was not put out to public tender and INVEPAR won the non-competitive bid to build and manage what became known as “Linha 4”. <br />
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As the wife of a sitting governor helped INVEPAR to put together a proposal to extend the metro by 23 km, they brought together some of Brazil´s biggest construction firms into a consortium called Rio Barra S.A. to undertake the construction. <br />
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Queiroz Galvão Participações - Concessões S.A., Odebrecht Participações e Investimentos S.A. and Zi Participações S.A together with INVEPAR convinced the State of Rio to seek R$7.5 billon in financing from three institutions: Agência Francesa de Desenvolvimento, Banco do Brasil and BNDES, Brazil´s National Development Bank. <br />
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Odebrecht and Quieroz Galvão have been at the epicenter of the Lava Jato corruption investigation in Brazil and in 2015 the CEOs of both companies were convicted of corruption, money laundering, and criminal association and are currently in federal prison. Their companies, however, remain part of the consortium and are still receiving state monies for the project. <br />
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Inevitably, costs increased and the project hit delays (Magalhães, 2012). In March of 2016, the Rio state government had run out of money for the final phase of construction and was seeking an emergency R$1 billion in financing so that the metro extension could be completed. As of this writing, it is unclear whether or not the metro will be operational for the Olympics. <br />
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Regardless, the project has been shrouded in controversy since its implementation, has come at a tremendous opportunity cost for the development of a more integrated transport system. Additionally, the debt burden of the State of Rio increased dramatically in the period 2009-2016, largely as a result of financing transportation, hotel, sporting, and security infrastructure related to the Olympic Games. <br />
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In early 2016, the Rio State government resorted to parceling out R$1.8 billion in salary payments to public servants and has begun to close health clinics citing a lack of funds in the midst of Brazil´s worst recession in living memory (Lobianco, 2016). Students and teachers have occupied more than sixty public schools as they fight against budgetary cuts (Nitahara, 2016). In total as of this writing, the government owes R$19 billion for the Linha 4 metro project that was originally budgeted at R$5.6 billion (Dutra & Lima Neto, 2016). Fearing that it will not be operational for the Olympics, in February of 2016, mayor Eduardo Paes suggested that the IOC strongly consider alternative transportation solutions for tourists. <br />
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The “Marvelous Port”<br />
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As I mentioned above, in the weeks following the IOC´s hosting announcement in October of 2009, the mayor´s office and Rio 2016 petitioned the IOC to move venues, housing, and media installations to the port region. This region would soon become the site of the “Porto Maravilha”, created through a series of mayoral decrees between November 2009 and April 2010. As part and parcel of this project, known as a Public Private Partnership, the city of Rio created the conditions for the development of an Urban Operation Consortium (Operação Urbana Consorciada) that would be financed through the selling of Certificates of Additional Construction Potential (Cepacs). <br />
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This means that a group of companies would be able to take possession of public territories and finance the redevelopment of the port area through the selling of construction rights – a built in real-estate speculation mechanism. In this case, the construction giants OAS, Odebrecht, and Carioca Christiani-Nielsen formed the consortium Novo Porto. The Brazilian state-owned CAIXA bank stepped up to purchase all of the Cepacs for R$3.5 billion in 2011; the valorization of the certificates guaranteed a further R$4.5 billion in financing for the Porto Maravilha projects (Netto, 2013). As with the metro, private companies were not required to invest their own capital in the multi-million dollar projects. <br />
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As part of the broad plans to “requalify” the center and port regions, the mayor´s office embarked upon a project to install a light rail system (VLT). When Rio was expanding past the narrow confines of its colonial footprint, tram systems owned as concessions by British companies had crisscrossed the city. As Brazil industrialized, the rails were ripped up as modernist urban planners reconfigured the city to meet individual transportation needs at the expense of public conveyances (Abreu, 1987). <br />
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In the context of the 2016 Olympics, the reinstallation of a light rail line in the center of the city is intended as a marker of metropolitan sophistication, post-modern urban bling. The VLT will only articulate through the port and centro districts, connecting even more an area already comparatively well-serviced by metro and bus lines. The government and the consortium responsible for the VLT system self-consciously refer to similar systems in Europe and Asia as markers of international best practice in a part of the city that has long suffered from radical inequality and a lack of basic infrastructure (Broudehoux, 2014). By comparison, the SuperVia train system only received R$2 billion in investment over the last ten years<br />
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Though the numbers are somewhat unclear, the most accurate figures place the cost of Rio´s VLT system at R$1.157 billion, with R$532 million coming from Brazil´s federal PAC Mobility program and R$625 million coming from the PPP signed between the VLT Carioca Consortium and the City of Rio. The VLT consortium is comprised of Odebrecht, INVEPAR, CCR, RioPar, RATP (France), and BRT (Argentina). <br />
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A second feature of the Porto Maravilha project related to the short term planning goals of the Olympic Games has been the insertion of a cable car into the Providência favela. The general plan for the remodeled transportation system in the Port Region is to link up the VLT with the Providência cable car, yet the project has been beset by problems since its inauguration. <br />
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As numerous media reports have highlighted, Providência residents were never consulted about the trajectory or necessity of the cable car and more than 200 families have been removed through compulsory purchase orders deemed necessary for cable car implementation. The cable car has functioned only irregularly since its partial inauguration in 2012. <br />
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These projects located in the Port Region have come with some necessary and long-delayed improvements to the quality of public space in the Praça Mauá region. The Praça Mauá, one of Rio´s most historic sites has been transformed into an international-style tourist zone, replete with a Santiago Calatrava museum, a new point of disembarkation for cruise ships and a symbolic and functional cleaning of the seedier elements of the historic port. <br />
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As a counterpoint to some of these developments, the city has actively sought to stimulate real-estate speculation and gentrification in the region. In addition to a badly mismanaged architectural competition for a business district in the Port Zone where the winning architectural firm was found to be headed by the son of one of the judges (Jornal do Brasil, 2012), the city government and the Consorcio Porto Novo have used the hook of the Olympics to align public policy with private interests. <br />
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While the IOC was not willing to move their competition sites to the Port Region, the city has situated the non-credentialed media center there and has made the new circuit of museums and transportation lines central elements of its global marketing campaign. <br />
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Conclusions<br />
The urban dynamics of the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Summer Olympics are more complicated and extensive than can be fully explored here. The wide range of opportunity costs and specific outcomes of the chosen urban interventions will take many years to come to light. Given the historically large corruption scandal currently unfolding in Brazil, it is no surprise that nearly all of the companies involved in Rio 2016 infrastructure projects have been implicated in some way. What this article has demonstrated is how two elements of these citywide interventions have propagated the status quo ante and more deeply aligned public policy and urban planning with private interests. <br />
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In particular, the Metro and Porto Maravilha projects are worth examining because they are the two most expensive and extensive urban interventions in Rio de Janeiro for the Olympics. While only the metro was included in the Rio 2016 bid books, its scope was reduced immediately afterwards and more extensive transportation modifications emerged in the form of BRT lines. <br />
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The political machinations that propelled the metro line forward were consistent with the ways in which public transportation planning happens in a city that has long been dominated by civil construction firms that function as cartels (Coelho, 2013; Fernandes, 2013; Ritto, 2013). The company at the center of the Lava Jato corruption scandal, Odebrecht, was found to have paid at least R$500,000 in bribes to secure their participation in the metro project. The same company was or is involved in at least seven other Olympic-related projects. <br />
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The Porto Maravilha received only the scantest of mentions in the Rio 2016 bid documents, yet has since become a central feature of the city´s urban planning and tourist agendas. The requalification and privatization of five million meters of urban territory has had far reaching consequences for residents, which have traditionally been poor and working class. <br />
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The desire to create a landscape of global consumption for international tourists and a template from which real-estate firms can extract rents has been coupled with military intervention in favelas and a top-down insertion of “state of the art” transportation projects. Both the VLT and the Providência cable cars are elements of urban bling that are intended to give Rio a veneer of the “global” while making the territory of the favela more accessible to tourists and consumers. <br />
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The VLT is replicating some of the same systems and routes that were in place in Rio one hundred years ago, albeit at much greater cost. At R$1.2 billion and counting, the 23 km VLT received around 60% of the total financing invested in the 270 km SuperVia suburban rail system over the last ten years. <br />
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Along with the rest of Brazil, the city and state of Rio de Janeiro are entering into serious financial difficulties. The state government has resorted to parceling out salaries and the city has begun to close schools and health centers. The debt servicing on the many projects associated with the Olympic Games have been exacerbated by long-standing practices of corruption and price inflation in public works. <br />
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The linking of key urban infrastructure with the artificial deadlines imposed by mega-events may help to overcome political hurdles to their realization, but this association is also a guarantee that the projects will cost more than if they had been pursued independently of the event itself. <br />
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The Linha 4 Metrô project in Rio was clearly never in the long term plans of the city until the Olympics came and “captured” the city´s agenda. This is a key characteristic of the current mega-event business model and one that has to be seriously questioned in light of the research presented here. <br />
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Works Cited<br />
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Abreu, M. A. (1987). Evolução Urbana do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: IPLANRIO/ZAHAR.<br />
Bass, O., Pillay, U., & Tomlinson, R. (2009). Development and Dreams: The Urban Legacy of the 2010 Football World Cup. Cape Town, South Africa: Human Sciences Research Council.<br />
Broudehoux, A. M. (2014). Neo-liberal exceptionalism in Rio de Janeiro´s Olympic Port Regeneration. In J. McCarthy (Ed.), Companion to Urban Regeneration (pp. 558–568). Abingdon: Routledge.<br />
Coelho, E. Eliomar denuncia articulação de golpe contra a CPI dos Ônibus (2013). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rXd13ZnNvw&feature=youtube_gdata_player<br />
Comitê Popular da Copa e Olimpíadas do Rio de Janeiro. (2015). Rio 2016: The Exclusion Games (p. 185). Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved from http://www.childrenwin.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/DossieComiteRio2015_ENG_web_ok_low.pdf<br />
Costa, C. (2010, January 19). Rio 2016: COI dá quatro meses para a cidade fazer ajustes no projeto das Olimpíadas. O Globo Online. Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved from http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/rio2016/mat/2010/01/19/rio-2016-coi-da-quatro-meses-para-cidade-fazer-ajustes-no-projeto-das-olimpiadas-915562970.asp<br />
Dutra, B., & Lima Neto, N. (2016, April 4). Empréstimos para obras da Linha 4 do metrô custarão R$ 12 bilhões. Retrieved April 7, 2016, from http://extra.globo.com/noticias/economia/emprestimos-para-obras-da-linha-4-do-metro-custarao-12-bilhoes-19009461.html<br />
Fernandes, A. (2013, August 20). Impasse ainda pode levar CPI dos Ônibus para a Justiça. Retrieved August 20, 2013, from http://odia.ig.com.br/noticia/rio-de-janeiro/2013-08-20/impasse-ainda-pode-levar-cpi-dos-onibus-para-a-justica.html<br />
Gusmão de Oliveira, N. (2015). O Poder dos Jogos e os Jogos de Poder. Rio de Janeiro: Editora UFRJ / ANPUR.<br />
Horne, J., & Manzenreiter, W. (2006). Sports Mega-Events: Social Scientific Analyses of a Global Phenomenon. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.<br />
Jornal do Brasil. (2012, April 5). Justiça obriga Prefeitura a anular resultado do concurso Porto Olímpico. Jornal Do Brasil. Retrieved from http://www.jb.com.br/rio/noticias/2012/05/04/justica-obriga-prefeitura-a-anular-resultado-do-concurso-porto-olimpico/<br />
Junqueira, A. (2010, January 23). Mulher de Cabral defende concessionária do Estado. Estadão. Retrieved from http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,mulher-de-cabral-defende-concessionaria-do-estado,500569<br />
Kassens-Noor, E. (2012). Planning Olympic legacies : transport dreams and urban realities. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge.<br />
Lobianco, B. (2016, August 3). Crise: Estado não garante pagamento dos servidores amanhã. O Dia. Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved from http://odia.ig.com.br/noticia/rio-de-janeiro/2016-03-08/crise-estado-nao-garante-pagamento-dos-servidores-amanha.html<br />
Magalhães, L. E. (2012, March 12). Construção da Linha 4 do metrô custará 70% a mais do que o estimado inicialmente. O Globo. Rio. Retrieved from http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/construcao-da-linha-4-do-metro-custara-70-mais-do-que-estimado-inicialmente-6906779<br />
Netto, A. (2013). Os Cepacs deram certo? Retrieved from http://infraestruturaurbana.pini.com.br/solucoes-tecnicas/33/artigo301395-1.aspx<br />
Nitahara, A. (2016, April 20). Alunos pedem desocupação de escolas do Rio de Janeiro para a volta das aulas. Agência Brasil. Brasília. Retrieved from http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/educacao/noticia/2016-04/estudantes-pedem-desocupacao-de-escolas-do-rio-de-janeiro<br />
Porter, L., Jaconelli, M., Cheyne, J., Eby, D., & Wagenaar, H. (2009). Planning Displacement: The Real Legacy of Major Sporting Events. Planning Theory & Practice, 10(3), 395–418. http://doi.org/10.1080/14649350903229828<br />
Rio 2016. (2009). Candidature File for Rio de Janeiro to host the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Rio 2016.<br />
Ritto, C. (2013, August 25). “Uoston, we have a problem”: quem é o homem de Eduardo Paes na CPI dos Ônibus. Veja. Retrieved from http://veja.abril.com.br/noticia/brasil/uoston-we-have-a-problem-quem-e-o-homem-de-eduardo-paes-na-cpi-dos-onibus<br />
Rolink, R. (2011, June 13). Porto Maravilha: custos públicos e benefícios privados? Retrieved from http://raquelrolnik.wordpress.com/2011/06/13/porto-maravilha-custos-publicos-e-beneficios-privados/<br />
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-65762760825613211202016-02-17T13:29:00.004-02:002016-02-17T13:29:38.647-02:00Privatisation is the New Black (until it´s red)<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #414143; font-family: 'Istok Web', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;">Originally posted at <a href="http://theallrounder.co/2016/01/18/privatisation-is-the-new-black-until-its-red/" target="_blank">The Allrounder</a> on 18 January 2016</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #414143; font-family: 'Istok Web', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;">For a city that has contorted itself repeatedly over the last decade to host major sports events, Rio de Janeiro can’t seem to get its stadiums quite right.</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #414143; font-family: 'Istok Web', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;">Last week, the consortium that won the contract (<a href="http://geostadia.blogspot.ch/2013/02/counterpoint-cidade-maravilhosa.html" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">under dubious circumstances</a>) to manage the Maracanã stadium for 35 years fired three quarters of its workforce. The official reason is that the consortium, involving Brazilian construction giant Odebrecht and global sports management empire IMG, is “anticipating handing the stadium over to the IOC in preparation for the Olympics.” The real reason is that the stadium isn’t making enough money.</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #414143; font-family: 'Istok Web', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;">Another stadium, formally called the Estádio Olimpico João Havelange (after the disgraced former FIFA president and IOC member) and more commonly known as Stadium Rio or Engenhão, had its electricity cut off last week. This will be Rio’s venue for track and field during the Olympics, but right now the concession rights holder, Botafogo Futebol e Regatas, can’t pay the bills. Built for the 2007 Pan American Games, for ten times over budget, the stadium was closed in 2013 because the roof was about to cave in. Other Olympic stadiums, like the National Tennis Center and National Equestrian Center, are <a href="http://www.administradores.com.br/noticias/cotidiano/rio-encerra-contrato-com-consorcio-do-centro-de-tenis-da-olimpiada-devido-a-atraso/107731/" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">incomplete</a> and without a contractor to finish them.</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #414143; font-family: 'Istok Web', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;">The privatisation of publicly financed stadiums is not a Brazilian innovation, but what is happening in Rio demonstrates the basic logic and typical consequences of the mega-event business model. Cities sign host-agreement contracts with international rights holders like the IOC or FIFA and are solely responsible for delivering infrastructure. Back in 2009, the Rio state government tried to arrange a public-private partnership to finance the R$1.2 billion renovation of the Maracanã. Unsurprisingly, no private company dared take on the task because stadiums are not inherently profitable ventures. Twenty-first century FIFA stadiums are expensive to maintain and depend on big crowds to balance budgets. But Brazilian football crowds are small, and there isn’t a North American-style consumer economy at stadiums that makes money for concessionaires.</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #414143; font-family: 'Istok Web', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;">So the private sector stayed away at the start, knowing that the state was on the hook for delivering World Cup and Olympic infrastructure and that construction and concessions contracts would be available later. In their absence, the State of Rio de Janeiro was forced to pay for another round of deforms to the Maracanã, following major renovations in 2005-06, that cost upwards of R$1.2 billion. The new architectural configuration of the Maracanã did not necessarily require its removal from the public domain, but the demands that the mega-event business model puts upon sports venues drive the privatization process forward. Because the stadium has all of the FIFA bells and whistles, the state lacked the technical and financial capacity to manage and maintain it, ensuring that only a specialised company with the know-how to run it could do so. Thus, the destruction and construction project justified privatisation. Now that the winner of the rigged privatization process, Maracanã S.A., can’t make ends meet, they are walking away from the contract, and the state must find a way to make Rio’s iconic stadium viable. Inevitably, the government will try to privatise it again, instead of looking for maximum public benefit.</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #414143; font-family: 'Istok Web', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;">Critical to understanding what is going on with Rio’s stadiums is the role of the 2013-14 protests and the on-going actions of civil society actors like the Comitê Popular da Copa e das Olimpiadas. Back when the Maracanã was being reconstructed for the World Cup (2010-2013), the Comitê Popular joined forces with a number of other groups to prevent the demolition of four sites adjacent to the stadium: two athletics facilities, a public school, and the former home of Brazil’s Museum of the Indian. These were long, hard battles with a lot of tear gas, legal actions, and dedicated resistance. All four of these installations are still standing. However, the Maracanã S.A. consortium claims that when the former governor ceded to public pressure over the four sites, he unilaterally changed the terms of the concession contract. Without the area around the Maracanã available for shopping malls and parking lots, the consortium insists that it cannot be bound to the contract. In essence, this was a real-estate deal that had a World Cup stadium on site. But with average attendance at Brazilian league matches below that of MLS, <a href="http://oglobo.globo.com/esportes/maracana-sa-fica-apenas-com-dez-funcionarios-apos-demitir-75-do-seu-quadro-18408848" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">the stadium itself doesn’t make enough money</a> for the company. Since there is no space for shopping, Maracanã S.A. now wants to give the stadium back.</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #414143; font-family: 'Istok Web', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;">When you turn on your tv later this year to watch the opening ceremonies of the Rio Olympics, this is the stadium you’ll be seeing.</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #414143; font-family: 'Istok Web', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;">All of this is happening in the midst of Brazil’s biggest economic and political crisis in decades. Many of the companies contracted to build venues for the World Cup and Olympics are under investigation by Brazil’s Federal Police for their involvement in a corruption scandal of magnificent proportions. The back-room cronyism and old-school <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">coronelismo</em> of Brazilian politics are alive and well in the sporting world: João Havelange (still kicking at age 99), Ricardo Texeira, J. Hawila, Jose Maria Marin, and Marco Polo del Nero are the Brazilians at the epicentre of the unfolding FIFA scandal. For the first time in modern history, one person – Carlos Arthur Nuzman – holds the positions of both president of the host country’s Olympic Committee and president of the upcoming games’ organizing committee. The mayor of Rio, Eduardo Paes, has come under intense scrutiny for the largest program of forced removals in the city’s history. The most visible of these removals is happening in a community called the <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/01/rio-olympics-protest-vila-autodromo-relocation" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Vila Autódromo</a>, on the construction site of the Olympic Park. Across the city as a whole, the Comitê Popular estimates that <a href="http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=25747" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">more than 22,000 people</a> have been forcibly removed from their homes during Rio’s mega-event cycle. The IOC evaluation commission always tells the international media that “all our questions have been answered,” without ever saying what those questions are. Once the Games have moved on, there will be giant sucking sounds from the vacuums of responsibility left behind.</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #414143; font-family: 'Istok Web', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;">As with the interminable shenanigans of NFL teams hopping between cities in search of the highest bidder, the World Cup and Olympic Games are monopolistic, institutionalized transfer-of-wealth programs that leave shiny new stadiums and massive debt servicing in their wake. However, it is not just the Swiss-based sports organizations that are raking in the billions. These events are ideal opportunities to transfer wealth from the public to private hands in local contexts, with the privatisation of stadiums only one of many instruments at the disposal of event coalitions. With 200 days until the 2016 Summer Games, Rio’s public, once again, has been exposed to financial, environmental, housing, and other risks by the very politicians who were supposed to be acting in their interests.</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #414143; font-family: 'Istok Web', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;">As the “legacy” projects fail one by one to materialize, the Rio government is no longer claiming that the Olympics are going to bring lasting economic benefits to the city. Instead, what Mayor Paes says is that the recent <a href="https://t.co/jxMhEo7D5E" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">cuts to Olympic spending</a> are a sign of fiscal responsibility – the equivalent of spending a year’s salary in a weekend shopping binge and then deciding that the rhinestone boots were a bit much. To be sure, the massive public outlays have brought some cosmetic improvements to the city, but the legacies of the 2007 Pan American Games and 2014 World Cup have been negative. Rio’s public coffers have been used as an ATM for a small group of closely articulated political and economic interests. When the promised profits aren’t sufficient, as Maracanã S.A. discovered, there is no risk in walking away in false indignation.</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-44219909871855326732015-06-15T11:37:00.000-03:002015-06-15T11:37:52.509-03:00Unraveling Goliath<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">Please find the original article posted on <a href="http://anthropoliteia.net/blog/" target="_blank">Anthropoliteia</a>. This posting does not mean that I´ve taken up the blog again!</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;">Like most football fans across the world, I
have taken a perverse and personal delight in watching the bloated, jowly
patriarchs of FIFA fall, one after another. Not only do I feel that the
on-going investigations into the misogynistic world of backslapping, ham-handed,
wink-wink deal making are confirming my own knowledge and intuition, but also
that the doors to the smoky back rooms of FIFA have been prised open, exposing
a global coterie of sycophants and their clever, intertwined, and illegal schemes.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;">For the last six years, I have been <a href="http://www.geostadia.blogspot.com/">investigating</a> how the hosting of
the World Cup and Olympics impacts upon urban and social relations in Brazil.
In this work, I have exposed how the intricate <a href="http://geostadia.blogspot.ch/2010/08/olympic-shell-game-o-jogo-do-bicho.html">shell
game</a> of FIFA and the IOC extracts maximum wealth from host cities and
countries while at the same time <a href="https://www.academia.edu/12900567/Seguran%C3%A7a_P%C3%BAblica_e_os_Megaeventos_no_Brasilhttps://www.academia.edu/12900567/Seguran%C3%A7a_P%C3%BAblica_e_os_Megaeventos_no_Brasil">militarizing
and privatizing urban space</a>, violating human rights, and leaving legacies
of <a href="https://www.academia.edu/8528132/A_World_Cup_for_Whom_The_Impact_of_the_2014_World_Cup_on_Brazilian_Football_Stadiums_and_Cultures">debt</a>
and <a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/2015/06/1638634-1-ano-apos-copa-35-obras-nao-estao-prontas.shtml">unfulfilled
promises</a>. For those who can afford it, the party is fantastic. Once the
floodlights have burned out, the <a href="http://lareviewofbooks.org/essay/global-parties-galactic-hangovers-brazils-mega-event-dystopia">hangover
lasts for decades</a>. In Brazil, the links between big business, big
government, and big sport are opaque and insidious, yet the connections to the
most recent FIFA-crisis are all too clear. Brazilian companies and executives
are in the spotlight, again, for all the wrong reasons. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">The most surprising development is that it
has happened at all. Since 1974, FIFA and its (two) presidents have cozied up
to dictators and presidents, popes and prime-ministers, conferring upon
themselves all of the pomp, power, and impunity of a head of state. They have showered
riches upon themselves as the <a href="http://www.yallop.com/howtheystolethegame.aspx">self-appointed stewards
of the game</a> and like the Euro-aristocracy resident on Mt. Olympus, have <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="mso-comment-date: 20150612T0910; mso-comment-reference: M_1;"></a><a href="http://transparencyinsport.org/book_review.html"><span style="mso-comment-continuation: 1;">made others rich in the process</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB">. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="mso-comment-date: 20150612T0955; mso-comment-reference: CG_2;">The
complex systems of patronage and peonage that define FIFA´s political
philosophy are the same as those used by colonial powers. </a></span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-special-character: comment;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Big egos in white bodies (with apologies to <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/sportsnews/article-3120326/Jack-Warner-reports-Arouca-police-station-ex-FIFA-Vice-President-hands-passport-considered-flight-risk.html">Jack
Warner</a> and <a href="http://saharareporters.com/2015/06/02/calls-issa-hayatou-caf-president-follow-sepp-blatter-resignation">Issa
Hayatu</a>) rule this world by manufacturing consent through the distribution
of favours, suppressing dissent through the <a href="http://geostadia.blogspot.ch/2014_06_01_archive.html">militarization of
urban space</a> and the <a href="http://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2014/07/20/politica/1405810378_758119.html">curtailment
of civil liberties</a>, and choreographing their marionettes who, in accordance
with the Brazilian World Cup slogan, are “all in one rhythm.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB">Predictably, it was from FIFA´s band of servile
minions - morbid troglodytes like Chuck Blazer, hyperbolic shysters like Jack
Warner, and half-arsed opportunists like Ricardo Texeira - that the tightly
wound FIFA-world began to unravel. Too much money flowing too quickly to the
wrong people though the wrong country for too long, coupled with the FBI´s
charming insouciance for the real-politik of global sporting affairs has
resulted in a very hard, very determined tug on a lot of rotten strings. Among
the unanswerable questions is</span><span lang="EN-GB">, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">if</a></span><span lang="EN-GB"> it all unravels, will there be anything left of FIFA? Or rather, is
it reasonable to think that FIFA can disassociate from the same kinds of
oppression, violence, and injustice that define global consumer capitalism?
There has never been a period in the era of mass-communications when FIFA was
not corrupt, so how will it suddenly emerge? Will cutting off some heads of the
scabrous FIFA-Hydra change the nature of the beast? While behind the scenes
deals are being struck, these desperate attempts to consolidate power are
finally in conflict with an exasperated public, the FBI, and a thirsty press
corps. Somehow, despite the rot, we are still captivated by football.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;">As the events of the past weeks have
unfolded, the depth and extent of FIFA´s criminal network has become evident
even to casual observers. The sudden resignation of FIFA´s communications
officer, Walter de Gregorio (responsible for Blatter´s 2011 re-election
campaign), may be a sign that there is no message to deliver, no more damage
control to be done. It is almost impossible to keep track of the threads, but
some of the more intriguing are that:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; text-indent: -18pt;"> - The Germans may have swapped
arms for a Saudia Ariabian vote to get the 2006 WC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> - </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">FIFA authorized a $10 million
USD bribe to then-CONCACAF president Jack Warner.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> - </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Jack Warner split this with his
deputy Chuck Blazer, who used the money to keep a Trump Tower apartment for his
cats.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> - </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">The 2018 and 2022 WC votes were
bought, as were 1998, 2006, 2010, and 2014. The 2002 WC was not exempt, either,
but corruption allegations against corrupt officials were never pursued.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> - </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Nike, the Brazilian Football
Confederation, the ex-president of Barcelona, Sandro Rossell, and the Qatari
royal families have exchanged hundreds of millions of dollars between them.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> - </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">FIFA paid the Irish FA 5
million Euros to not make noise about being wrongly disqualified from the 2010
WC. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> - </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">All of the television
broadcasting rights contracts for the WC, as well as the Copa Libertadores,
Copa América, and other tournaments in Brazil, and much of South America, were
illicitly gained.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;">This list is far from comprehensive and
spans several modes of corruption, ones that affect governance, publicity, as
well as actual decisions on the field.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>One hopes that in the coming months, the details will emerge to fill in
these categories. In the meantime, everything <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– from marketing contracts to penalty
decisions to hotel accommodations – is tainted with corruption. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;">Journalists and academics that report on and
research global sport had yet to touch the bottom of the fetid pool, but even
for us it still comes as somewhat of a surprise that the rest of the world can
now read about <a href="http://screamer.deadspin.com/italian-paper-alleges-fifa-used-corrupt-refs-to-fix-200-1707704308">match-fixing</a>,
<a href="http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/barcelona-star-neymar-father-under-5830396">illegal
transfers</a>, <a href="https://allaboutangles.wordpress.com/2015/03/20/this-trade-is-evil-inside-the-secret-world-of-soccer-player-trafficking/">human
trafficking</a>, <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3106656/Former-Brazil-soccer-boss-probed-money-laundering-source.html">money
laundering</a>, Swiss bank accounts, bribery, racketeering, <a href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-10/alejandro-burzaco-wanted-by-us-fifa-scandal-surrenders-in-italy/6533952">falsification
of contracts</a>, etc. as an integral part of the way football is organized.
With the recent politicization of labour rights for NCAA athletes, the banal
cruelty of playing a World Cup on turf, and the destruction of human life in
the NFL and its subsidiaries, perhaps there is a chance that sport and politics
will find a place in the public consciousness. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;">In reality, the FIFA saga is a
captivatingly complex morality play being acted out on a global stage with
curious twist: the chorus is hundreds of millions strong and may be able to influence
the plot. Will the hood-eyed prince, Michel Platini, make his move for the
presidency now? Will the court jester, Zico, show that he can perform better
than Texeira? Will Blatter actually leave or is he just circling the wagons? This is not about using sport as a force for good, or as FIFA
claims “developing football everywhere”. Sport is about power and we should be
aware that our places in the audience impact on its exercise. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;">We know <a href="http://declanhill.com/books/">World Cup games are bought and sold</a>. We
know that the <a href="http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/01/21/378896641/soccer-players-end-lawsuit-over-artificial-turf-at-women-s-world-cup">WWC
is being played on turf</a> because football associations are on FIFA's leash
and have more power than the players. We know that thousands of kids are
trafficked across borders, sold into prostitution, or are molested, mistreated,
or die because of <a href="http://apublica.org/2012/05/justica-condena-exploracao-de-criancas-campeonato-paulista/">a
lack of medical attention</a>. For every Dani Alves or Neymar, there are a
hundred thousand broken legs and a million broken dreams in Brazil alone. We
know of the <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/fifa/11657595/Fifa-corruption-Morocco-2010-World-Cup-vote-live.html">bribery
behind World Cup bids</a>, the illegal and blindingly idiotic stadium building
contracts, the militarization of cities for FIFA VIPs, <a href="http://oglobo.globo.com/esportes/escandalo-da-fifa-envolve-hawilla-contrato-da-cbf-com-empresa-americana-16272765">dirty
billion dollar television contracts,</a> institutionalized <a href="http://www.euronews.com/2014/06/06/lilian-thuram-on-tackling-racism-politics-slavery-and-the-world-cup/">racism</a>
and <a href="http://www.espnfc.com/fifa-world-cup/story/2065336/blatant-sexism-in-fifas-investigative-selection-process-says-ex-fifa-adviser-alexandra-wrage">sexism</a>,
and a never-ending series of lies, deceptions, and platitudes. There is no
“Fair Play” in or with FIFA. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;">As a reminder of how short our memories
are, it is nearly a year to the day that the 2014 World Cup kicked off in
Brazil. Of the twelve stadiums, in the twelve cities, ten are in serious
difficulty. The only two that are not going through financial and political turmoil
are the two built by clubs in Curitiba and Porto Alegre. Of all the football
associations implicated in the current FIFA hullabaloo, the Brazilian
federation is the most embroiled. The Brazilian João Havelange was FIFA´s
modern architect and his granddaughter an executive director of the 2014 World
Cup famously quipped about the R$ 30 billion outlay, “however much was spent,
or stolen, already has been” [so why worry?]. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;">None of the “legacy” promises made by FIFA
has come to fruition in Brazil. On fleeing the country as protests erupted
around the Confederations´ Cup in 2013, Blatter announced a $ 100 million USD
“legacy fund”, that would be administered by the CBF. This is the Brazilian organization
recently run by a man now sitting in a Zurich jail house and currently headed
up by a man who fled Zurich and ran straight to Brasilia where he was <a href="http://blogdojuca.uol.com.br/2015/06/marco-polo-del-nero-sera-sabatinado-hoje-na-congresso-nacional/">honoured
by senators and congressmen</a>. Of course, FIFA regulations prevent the
Brazilian government from interfering in CBF affairs, a position that is at
least consistent with the <a href="http://geostadia.blogspot.ch/2012/11/host-and-parasite.html">surrendering
of territorial sovereignty</a> that comes with hosting the World Cup. This
takes the form of tax exemptions, restrictions on advertising, and the ability
to close any street in a host city, at any time, for any reason. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: large;">And now, as if to prove the point that the
Canadian World Cup doesn't matter, the Copa America kicks off in Chile, a
country with long and painful associations between football and politics. In
the same way we should remember those tortured and murdered in Santiago´s
National Stadium, we should also remember that the same people who organized,
broadcast, and advertise at this tournament are implicated in the shambolic
governance of football. The show goes on with the same delirious media
coverage, the same lack of critical reflection, the same people making more
money than ever. It may be that FIFA and football are beyond reform as long as
the crowds pour their money in and conform to FIFA's <a href="http://www.ca2015.com/es/news/codigo-de-conducta-estadios-copa-america/1oxorklngkhl017ul9d9u22kk6">inexhaustible
list of prohibited behaviours</a>. Is it possible that the global chorus of
football fans can only hope to sing their teams on to victory, while the
dark-suited protagonists squirrel away their millions? Can anything change if
we only watch the ball?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-49814874740492328302014-11-12T09:54:00.000-02:002014-11-12T12:13:33.341-02:00A sad end <div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">As I mentioned
some months ago, I will be leaving Brazil for Switzerland in January of 2015,
joining the </span><a href="http://www.geo.uzh.ch/en/units/space-organization" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Space
and Organization</a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Research Unit in the </span><a href="http://www.geo.uzh.ch/" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Department
of Geography at the University of Zurich</a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">. As of January 1, I will be the
editor of the </span><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><a href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_latin_american_geography/">Journal
of Latin American Geography</a></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">, so let´s got those manuscripts rolling in.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">After spending
six of the last ten years in Rio, I´m not encouraged by the direction the city
has taken, nor indeed that of the country as a whole. The recently released homicide
numbers are tragic and pathetic, but not <a href="http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/report-maps-three-decades-of-murders-in-brazil">surprising</a>.
One official said that Brazil could “celebrate the stabilization” of homicide
rates. More than 50,000 people are murdered each year in Brazil, the vast
majority poor, black men. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">Elections may bring
out the worst elements of a country´s character and the recent exercise in
collective box ticking showed the real frailties in Brazil´s democratic system.
The debates between the presidential candidates were spoofs, the questions
typically irrelevant, and policy issues wholly ignored. The level of public
discourse is pushed to the bottom by media conglomerates that use their
platforms as blunt political instruments. The opposition candidate, a George W.
Bush playboy type, ran on a law and order platform that would put the young
black kids that didn´t get killed behind bars at an even earlier age. The
wealthy coxinhas of the South got up their Reaganite hackles to attack the
“undeserving poor” who have benefitted from the PT´s largesse. The moving of
people from extreme poverty to absolute poverty is positive, but it does not and
will not change the power structures in Brazil. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">The PT is mired
in corruption scandals that should touch the highest levels of power, but
somehow always falls short. The emptying of moral authority has been
exacerbated by the explicit use of state companies for personal enrichment and
the consolidation of power. There may be a way back from the precipice but
without electoral reform or a general revolt from the PT´s base, the gig is up.
Pursue developmentalist consumerism based on automobiles, closed condominium
residential landscapes, and mega-events at your own risk! Of course it is the powerful
syndicates of the automobile industry that brought the PT to power in the first
place, so this model should come as no surprise. Brazil has a fundamentally
conservative, reactionary political class that is allergic to change.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">The World Cup
was never talked about in the election cycle. Readers of HWE will know why, but
the opposition couldn´t very well complain about privatization and the
maddening profits of civil construction firms, banks, telecommunications, and
media conglomerates, or the increased police presence, summary arrests, human
rights violations, etc. If the PT can´t or won´t point to the positives of the
World Cup as evidence of good governance, then who will? <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">Football in
Brazil is more depressing than ever. And while Brazilians will always remember
where they were for the 7-1, the day to day is equally traumatic. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">OBobo has started
an editorial line to convince people that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>“Maracanã lotado” is less than the number of people murdered every year
in Brazil. To me, this seems an attempt to install collective amnesia about
public space and culture. Vasco put out some discounted tickets and had 42,000
paying fans last weekend and the babadores who write for Obobo clamored about
how they had filled the stadium. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15
years ago, the capacity was 179,000. 10 years ago, the capacity was 129,000.
Five years ago it was 89,000. Now, it´s around 55,000 because the police say
that they can´t guarantee safety beyond that number. I have witnessed first
hand the death of pubic and space and culture in the Maracanã. Not many
Cariocas seem to care. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">Years ago, I
wrote about the Vasco Fiasco, where a youth trainee died from lack of medical
attention and then tried to hide their other nefarious human trafficking
practices. Yesterday, Vasco had another fiasco with the re-election of Eurico
Miranda to the presidency (with senator Romário´s support). Miranda embodies
the old school of the cartolas in a way that few others do. I met him ten years
ago when he was president of Vasco and since then, nothing in Brazilian
football institutions has changed. If anything, it is less transparent and more
corrupt. Not many Brazilians seem to care. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">Remember the
Portuguesa-Fluminense debacle at the end of last season? To refresh: Portuguesa
played an ineligible player with 15 minutes left in the last game of the
season, were docked points and relegated, thereby ensuring Fluminense´s (and Flamengo´s) permanence in the first division. A police investigation has revealed that, as
expected, <a href="http://jovempan.uol.com.br/esportes/futebol/futebol-nacional/jornal-ministerio-publico-conclui-que-portuguesa-vendeu-vaga-na-serie.html">Portuguesa
sold their spot</a>. Who paid? Who cares?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This isn´t news,
just business as usual. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">The CBF just
received 100 million dollars in “legacy” money from FIFA. This is the money
that Blatter dropped out of the plane as he fled the Confederations´ Cup
protests – but it was an already programmed cash transfer. If someone out there
still believes that the CBF doesn´t know how to get around the independent
auditor, or that this money is going to be used to benefit Brazilian society in
a meaningful way, or that we should continue to listen to the never-ending
stream of half-assed bromides coursing from the mouths of …eh – deixa para lá –
I can´t even get upset anymore. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: large;">The day to day
of living in a pre-Olympic city I am going to leave to other commentators.
Following and commentating on the contortions of Rio de Janeiro and Brazil in
this highly turbulent time has been very rewarding and frustrating. I may not
have survived without the blog and the great feedback from readers, so thank
you. If you want to find the non-blog pieces I´ve been writing over the past
few years, please go to <a href="https://uzh.academia.edu/ChristopherGaffney">my
academia.edu site</a>. I will keep HWE up as an archive and have some spin off
projects that I will announce in due time. For now, I´ve got to get a move on.
Tchau. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-1295797690609935232014-10-02T00:59:00.001-03:002014-10-02T00:59:35.537-03:00Global Parties, Galactic Hangovers @ Los Angeles Review of Books<div class="qowt-page-container" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; line-height: 19.6959991455078px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span id="E120" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">FOR MOST COUNTRIES</span><span id="E121" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">, playing in four semi-finals of the last six World Cups would be considered a major accomplishment. </span><span id="E122" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">But not for Brazil.</span><span id="E123" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span id="E124" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">A</span><span id="E125" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">t least</span><span id="E126" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> since</span><span id="E127" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> the 1938 World Cup, football </span><span id="E128" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">h</span><span id="E129" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">as</span><span id="E130" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> become</span><span id="E131" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span id="E132" style="border: 0px; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">the </span><span id="E133" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">defining characteristic of the country</span><span id="E134" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">, and s</span><span id="E135" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ince the 1970s, there has always been an expectation that Brazil </span><span id="E136" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">will</span><span id="E137" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span id="E138" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">win the Cup, that losses are mere detours on a predestined path to glory. This belief had become so powerful as to be evangelical in its certainty </span><span class="qowt-stl19" id="E139" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">—</span><span id="E140" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> abandon all doubt, the salvation is coming before 90 minutes have passed. God, Zico, Socrates, Romário, Rivaldo, Ronaldo</span><span id="E141" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">,</span><span id="E142" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Kaká</span><span id="E143" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">,</span><span id="E144" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> and Neymar will provide.</span></span></div>
<div id="E146-owchain-0" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.9em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span id="E147-owchain-0" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">In the 2014 World Cup semi-finals, however, the visiting German national team </span><span id="E147-owchain-1" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">didn</span><span id="E148" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">’</span><span id="E149" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">t only defeat Brazil 7-1. They embarrassed, humiliated, and toyed with </span><span id="E150" style="border: 0px; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">the</span><span id="E151" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span id="E152" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">country of football</span><span id="E154" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> on their </span><span id="E155" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">own </span><span id="E156" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">very expensive turf. Brazilians are still having trouble processing what happened. </span><span id="E157" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Just as</span><span id="E158" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> the colossal failure to win the 1950 World Cup </span><span id="E159" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">still haunts</span><span id="E160" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> the national consciousness, t</span><span id="E161" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">he historic 7-1 </span><span id="E162" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">drubbing by the Germans will shape the Brazilian football narrative for the foreseeable future.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span id="E165" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">M</span><span id="E166" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ost</span><span id="E167" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> of the</span><span id="E168" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span id="E169" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">post-World Cup media coverage</span><span id="E170" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> favored this narrative,</span><span id="E171" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> the opposite of the storyline leading up to the Cup — one of</span><span id="E172" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Brazilian favoritism on the field and impending disaster off. </span><span id="E173" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Before, </span><span id="E174" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Brazil</span><span id="E175" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">´s </span><span id="E176" style="border: 0px; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">seleção</span><span id="E177" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">had the support of Vegas </span><span id="E178" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">oddsmakers</span><span id="E179" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> while</span><span id="E180" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span id="E181" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">the media </span><span id="E182" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">clamored </span><span id="E183" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">about the lack of preparation, the threat </span><span id="E184" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">of </span><span id="E185" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">social upheaval, and the decelerating economy. </span><span id="E186" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Naysayers doubted </span><span id="E187" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">that </span><span id="E188" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">the infrastructure of a country </span><span id="E189" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">with such obvious </span><span id="E190" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">deficiencies</span><span id="E191" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span id="E192" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">would be </span><span id="E193" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">capable of hosting such a large event</span><span id="E194" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">.</span><span id="E195" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span id="E196" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">And yet, a</span><span id="E197" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">s Brazil mourned its football team in </span><span id="E198" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Belo Horizonte</span><span id="E199" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">’</span><span id="E200" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">s </span><span id="E202" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mine</span><span id="E203" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">i</span><span id="E204" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">rão</span><span id="E206" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">stadium</span><span id="E207" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">, the World Cup itself was heralded as a success</span><span id="E208" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span id="E211" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Incredibly, everything went according to plan. The stadiums were ready on time. The airports functioned well. T</span><span id="E212" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">hough expensive, t</span><span id="E213" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">here were enough hotels. </span><span id="E214" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Only</span><span id="E215" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> one major piece of infrastructure collapsed, killing two</span><span id="E216" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> people and injuring dozens</span><span id="E217" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> — but n</span><span id="E218" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">o one blinked.</span><span id="E219" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span id="E220" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The football was </span><span id="E221" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">entertaining, the </span><span id="E222" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">parties pulsating. </span><span id="E223" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The systematic violence used against protesters was brushed off as a necessary measure against </span><span id="E224" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">radical student groups and anarchists.</span><span id="E225" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span id="E226" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The police didn</span><span id="E227" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">’</span><span id="E228" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">t commit mass murders, few tourists disappeared, and Brazil came out on the other side of the World Cup with its reputation intact. </span><span id="E229" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The pessimists </span><span id="E230" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">were either shunted aside, swept up in the euphoria, or never interviewed again. The smug satisfaction of FIFA and their Brazilian partners in government and industry bubbled over in their </span><span id="E231" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">champagne</span><span id="E232" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> glasses.</span><span id="E233" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> After years of haranguing Brazil for their apparent disorganization, FIFA president Joseph Blatter gave Brazil a 9.25</span><span id="E234" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span id="E235" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">out of 10, calling the tournament “very, very special.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span id="E238" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Though hyperbolic and facile,</span><span id="E239" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span id="E240" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">this is the narrative</span><span id="E241" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> that seem</span><span id="E242" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">s</span><span id="E243" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> to </span><span id="E244" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">have won the day</span><span id="E245" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">. Now that the dust has settled and Brazilians try to digest </span><span id="E246" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">seven German goals</span><span id="E247" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">, </span><span id="E248" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">it is important to understand how Brazil managed this outcome and what has changed, because the Olympics are</span><span id="E249" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> next.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span id="E255" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">In 2007</span><span id="E256" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">, </span><span id="E257" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Brazil</span><span id="E258" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">’s former</span><span id="E259" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span id="E260" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Minister of Sport</span><span id="E261" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Orlando Silva</span><span id="E262" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> declared</span><span id="E263" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> that not one penny of public money would be spent on the 12 World Cup stadiums. The logic was clear: stadiums are great investments</span><span id="E264" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">,</span><span id="E265" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> so the private sector will take them </span><span id="E266" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">on</span><span id="E267" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">. Yet the private sector was under no obligation to deliver FIFA-standard stadiums</span><span id="E268" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">; t</span><span id="E269" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">he government was. </span><span id="E270" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Brazilian government</span><span id="E271" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">’</span><span id="E272" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">s transparency sites indicate </span><span id="E273" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">a public layout of more than 4 billion dollars in stadiums, the majority of which have been handed over to private consortiums. </span><span id="E274" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">According to the Danish NGO Play the Game, t</span><span id="E275" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">he Brazilian World Cup stadiums are among the most expensive ever built and have become sites of social exclusion. In any </span><span id="E276" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">country</span><span id="E277-owchain-0" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">, stadiums reproduce and </span><span id="E277-owchain-1" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">reinforce the existing socio-economic and cultural </span><span id="E278" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">structure</span><span id="E279" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">. In Brazil, the</span><span id="E280" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">se new stadiums have </span><span id="E281" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">consolidate</span><span id="E282" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">d</span><span id="E283" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> the privileges of the elite at the expense of everyone else.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span id="E286" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">One of the government</span><span id="E287" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">’</span><span id="E288" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">s</span><span id="E289" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> justif</span><span id="E290" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ications</span><span id="E291" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span id="E292" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">for </span><span id="E293" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">the </span><span id="E294" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">10</span><span id="E295" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> billion dollar outlay on the World Cup was that Brazil was not investing in the tournament</span><span id="E296" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">,</span><span id="E297" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> but in the future of Brazilian cities. The investments included airport upgrades, communication lines, security, port renovations, hotels</span><span id="E298" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">, tourist infrastructure,</span><span id="E299" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> and urban mobility projects.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span id="E302" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">T</span><span id="E303" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">he majority of the</span><span id="E304" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">se</span><span id="E305" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> projects</span><span id="E306" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">, however,</span><span id="E307" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> either attended to the demands of the Brazilian elite or reinforced the dominant paradigms of urban mobility. The multi-billion dollar investments in airports </span><span id="E308" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">were </span><span id="E309" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">long overdue, but will not stitch together more effectively Brazil</span><span id="E310" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">’</span><span id="E311" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">s urban archipelago. The main beneficiaries will be business travelers between Brazil´s major cities.</span><span id="E312" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Meanwhile, i</span><span id="E313" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">t is </span><span id="E314" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">still </span><span id="E315" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">not possible to travel between major cities by rail</span><span id="E316" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">, and</span><span id="E317" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Brazil´s woeful road system </span><span id="E318" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">was condemned by</span><span id="E319" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span id="E320" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">the World Health Organization for racking </span><span id="E321" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">up more than </span><span id="E322" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">5</span><span id="E323" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">0,000 deaths a year.</span><span id="E324" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span id="E325" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The</span><span id="E326" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">government</span><span id="E327" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">’</span><span id="E328" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">s urban solution is more </span><span id="E329" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bus </span><span id="E330" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Rapid Transit </span><span id="E331" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">l</span><span id="E332" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ines</span><span id="E333" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">, </span><span id="E334" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">which are cheaper than metro and light rail, but notoriously damaging to the urban fabric. BRTs mean more buses and more cars, less space for bicycles and pedestrians</span><span id="E335" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">,</span><span id="E336" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> and a massive subsidy for civil construction firms </span><span id="E337" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">and</span><span id="E338" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">automobile</span><span id="E339" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> manufacturers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span id="E342" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">After years without significant investment, no one questioned the utility of the infrastructure projects themselves. </span><span id="E343" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Meanwhile, t</span><span id="E344" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">he</span><span id="E345" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> usual</span><span id="E346" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> processes of long</span><span id="E347" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">-</span><span id="E348" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">term urban planning were discarded in order to throw pet projects into the Responsibility Matrix that every host city </span><span id="E349" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">signs </span><span id="E350" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">with FIFA. To achieve the short-term goals of the World Cup</span><span id="E351" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">,</span><span id="E352" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> host cities</span><span id="E353" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> were given an exemption to Brazil</span><span id="E354" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">’</span><span id="E355" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">s</span><span id="E356" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> federal Law of Fiscal Responsibility. This exemption allowed for deficit spending and the emergency financing of over-priced infrastructure. Cheap loans? Throw another project in. Tight deadline? Increase the cost, </span><span id="E357" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">and </span><span id="E358" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">do away with environmental impact studies, </span><span id="E359" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">due process</span><span id="E360" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">,</span><span id="E361" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> and human rights.</span><span id="E362" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> According to the Popular Committees of the World Cup, t</span><span id="E363" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ens of thousands of families were forcibly and illegally removed from their homes.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Continue reading at the <a href="http://lareviewofbooks.org/essay/global-parties-galactic-hangovers-brazils-mega-event-dystopia" target="_blank">Los Angels Review of Books website</a>..</span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-3639260901574419502014-09-30T14:19:00.000-03:002014-09-30T15:12:35.431-03:00Rio´s Naked Geography<span style="font-size: large;">The hunt is quietly continuing, but the beasties are mostly sleeping, so I have been pursuing them through other means than the blog. Here is a video of a lecture that I recently delivered at the University of Richmond in their Cross Speaker Series. Many thanks to David Salisbury, the faculty and staff of the Geography Department as well as the Department of Anthropology and the Business School for bringing me to Richmond. More HWE text on its way soon.</span><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/84loy72wj_k" width="560"></iframe><br />
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<br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3594722532540683646.post-4615629931088795992014-08-26T08:48:00.000-03:002014-08-26T09:08:29.545-03:00The traumas and dramas of post-Cup, pre-Olympic Brazil<div style="color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; line-height: 21.993999481201172px; margin-bottom: 1.571em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tied to a period of economic growth and political stability, Brazil has aggressively pursued a series of mega-events from the Pan-American Games in 2007 to the 2016 Rio Olympics. These events are used by the Brazilian national and local governments to showcase their economic prosperity and to promote the country as one that is on equal footing with global powers. However, with the comings and goings of the international sporting caravans, each requiring billions in public financing, the question remains: where is the benefit for the ordinary Brazilian that stays behind after the parade has moved on?’</span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;">read <a href="http://roarmag.org/2014/08/brazil-world-cup-olympics/" target="_blank">the rest of the article at Roar Mag</a></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">All materials, photos, works, manipulations and manumissions found here are the exclusive property of the author.
That is to say:
Copyright Christopher Gaffney, 2005-2010</div>Christopher Gaffneyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04857921977919114588noreply@blogger.com0